Missouri blamed the Mormons for the conflict and forced the Latter Day Saints to sign over all their lands in order to pay for the state militia muster. Overview: Sampson Avard (October 23, 1800 - April 15, 1869) was one of the founders and leaders of the Mormon vigilantes known as the Danites, which existed in Missouri during the Missouri Mormon War in 1838. In this major new interpretation of those events, LeSueur argues that while a number of prejudices and fears stimulated the . [111] One resolution passed by the Quincy town council read: Resolved: That the gov of Missouri, in refusing protection to this class of people when pressed upon by an heartless mob, and turning upon them a band of unprincipled Militia, with orders encouraging their extermination, has brought a lasting disgrace upon the state over which he presides.[112]. The soldiers shot down our oxen, cows, hogs and fowls, at our own doors, taking part away and leaving the rest to rot in the streets. There was scarcely a Missourian's home left standing in the county. At that time, opponents of the Mormons used a pattern that would be repeated four times,[12] culminating in the expulsion of the Mormons from the entire state. Nathan Tanner reported that his militia company rescued another woman and three small children who were hiding in the bushes as their home burned. "[86][88], Joseph Smith Jr. and the other arrested leaders were held overnight under guard in General Lucas' camp, where they were left exposed to the elements. [63] None of these claims, however, purport to be eyewitness accounts. They believed that the Indians were descendants of Israelites, and proselytized among them extensively. [35][36], When the Mormons heard a rumor that Judge Adam Black was gathering a mob near Millport, one hundred armed men, including Joseph Smith, surrounded Black's home. The Missouri Militia had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. [32][33], William Peniston, a candidate for the state legislature, made disparaging statements about the Mormons, calling them "horse-thieves and robbers",[34] and warned them not to vote in the election. The Missourians had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. One key skirmish was the Battle of Crooked River, which involved Missouri state troops and a group of Saints. The exact circumstances that allowed for him to escape are not certain. [66] On October 24, they swore out affidavits concerning the burning and looting in Daviess County. To do so, would be to act with extreme cruelty. In addition, none of the participants in the raid cited the order as justification for their actions.[81]. When the Missourian raiders approached the settlement on the afternoon of October 30, some 30 to 40 Latter Day Saint families were living or encamped there. A valuable contribution to the study of the Mormon War is A Call to Arms: The 1838 Mormon Defense of Northern Missouri (Dissertations in Latter-day Saint history) by Alexander L. Baugh (Provo, Utah: Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History and BYU Studies, 2000). They moved into a blacksmith shop, which they hoped to use as a makeshift defensive fortification. If ye are faithful, ye shall assemble yourselves together to rejoice upon the land of Missouri, which is the land of your inheritance, which is now the land of your enemies.[6]. The militia promptly arrested Smith and the other leaders. Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders. Sidney Rigdon: A Portrait of Religious Excess, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, "Mormonism. . Exaggerated initial reports indicated that nearly all of Bogart's company had been killed. All of the conflicts in the Mormon War occurred in a corridor 100 miles (160 km) to the east and northeast of Kansas City . [66] According to one Latter Day Saint witness, the deaths "threw a gloom over the whole place."[67]. On the first night of the march out of Carroll County, two Mormon women died. Back in 1987, Steve wrote an amazing book called The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. Possibly playing on Rigdon's July 4 sermon that talked of a "war of extermination," Boggs issued Missouri Executive Order 44, also known as the "Extermination Order," which stated that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace"[71] The Extermination Order was finally rescinded on June 25, 1976 by Governor Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond.[72][73]. Major General Samuel D. Lucas marched the state militia to Far West and laid siege to the Mormon headquarters. Mormon settlement increased as hundreds of members from Kirtland and elsewhere poured into Missouri. Mormon dissenters from Daviess County who had fled to Livingston County reportedly told Livingston County militia under Colonel Thomas Jennings that Mormons were gathering at Haun's Mill to mount a raid into Livingston County. Several Mormon homes near Millport were burned and their inhabitants expelled into the snow. [38], The Mormons also visited Sheriff William Morgan and several other leading Daviess County citizens, also forcing some of them to sign statements disavowing any ties to the vigilance committees. [57], When a Mormon band plundered and burned the Taylor home, one young Mormon, Benjamin F Johnson, argued his fellow vigilantes into leaving a horse for a pregnant Mrs Taylor and her children to ride to safety. Citizens in Saline, Howard, Jackson, Chariton, Ray, and other nearby counties organized vigilance committees sympathetic to the Carroll County expulsion party. [95], The defendants, consisting of about 60 men including Joseph Smith, Jr. and Sidney Rigdon, were turned over to a civil court of inquiry in Richmond under Judge Austin A. The list 1838 Mormon War includes Charles C. Rich, Sampson Avard, George M. Hinkle, . The Battle of Crooked River in late October led to Lilburn Boggs, the Governor of Missouri, issuing the Missouri Executive Order 44, ordering the Mormons to leave Missouri or be killed. [37], At a meeting at Lyman Wight's home between leading Mormons and non-Mormons, both sides agreed not to protect anyone who had broken the law and to surrender all offenders to the authorities. 3 Shot, Sumter Mob Hangs Negro. On October 29, this large vigilante band of some 250 men assembled and entered eastern Caldwell County. [13], Forcefully deprived of their homes and property, the Latter-day Saints temporarily settled in the area around Jackson County, especially in Clay County. (jwha.info 2010) Boggs survived, but Mormons came under immediate suspicion. [13] In Daviess County, where Whigs and Democrats had been roughly evenly balanced, Mormon population reached a level where they could determine election results.[22]. [43] The citizens of De Witt sent non-Mormon Henry Root to appeal to Judge King and General Parks for assistance. It should also be noted that none of the participants in the raid ever cited the order as justification for their actions. [109][110] Judge Austin A King, who had been assigned the cases of the Mormons charged with offenses during the conflict, warned "If you once think to plant crops or to occupy your lands any longer than the first of April, the citizens will be upon you: they will kill you every one, men, women and children."[13]. Missouri blamed the Mormons for the conflict and forced the Latter-day Saints to sign over all their lands in order to pay for the state militia muster. I can tell whatever I want to. In August-November 1838, Mormons and their "Gentile" Missourian neighbors clashed in the Mormon War of 1838. In this 1842 letter, Mormon dissenter George M. Hinkle rashly accused Joseph Smith of plotting to poison the Missourians' water supply. After several non-Mormons made statements to the authorities that Johnson had acted as a moderating influence on the Danites, he was allowed to escape rather than stand trial. The conflict was preceded by the eviction of the Mormons from Jackson County, Missouri, in 1833. This triggered a brawl between the bystanders. Add to Wish List Link to this Book Add to Bookbag Sell this Book Buy it at Amazon Compare Prices. We'll get more acquainted with Steve and learn more about his background. ", http://web.archive.org/web/20110427055325/http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/MO/Miss1881.htm, Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, http://web.archive.org/web/20110515042529/http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/MO/Miss1838.htm, http://www.cumorah.org/libros/ingles/Regional_Studies_in_LDS_History_Missouri_-_Various_authors.html#29423, "The Extermination Order and How it was Rescinded", http://web.archive.org/web/20110526042751/http://www.jwha.info/mmff/exorder.htm, http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/findingaids/miscMormRecs/eo/19760625_RescisOrder.pdf, http://www.boap.org/LDS/Early-Saints/JWhitmer-history.html, http://www.mormonhistoricsitesfoundation.org/publications/studies_spring_01/MHS2.1Black.pdf, "Regional Studies in latter-day Saint History: Missouri", http://www.cumorah.org/libros/ingles/Regional_Studies_in_LDS_History_Missouri_-_Various_authors.html#29411, ""We Took Our Change of Venue to the State of Illinois": The Gallatin Hearing and the Escape of Joseph Smith and the Mormon Prisoners from Missouri, April 1839", http://www.mormonhistoricsites.org/publications/studies_spring_01/MHS2.1Baugh.pdf, http://books.google.com/books?id=_izMO9Xdq2UC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false, http://www.amazon.com/Mormon-Conflict-Norman-Furniss/dp/B004CPPDWO/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1302193763&sr=8-2, "Facts Relative to the Expulsion of the Mormons or Latter Day Saints, from the State of Missouri, under the "Exterminating Order"", http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/NCMP1820-1846&CISOPTR=2834&REC=16, "Missouri's 1838 Extermination Order and the Mormons' Forced Removal to Illinois", http://www.mormonhistoricsitesfoundation.org/publications/studies_spring_01/spring_01.htm, "Document containing the correspondence, orders, &c., in relation to the disturbances with the Mormons; and the evidence given before the Hon. This triggered a brawl between the bystanders. Ironically, as a result of his kindness, he was the only Mormon who was positively identified to have participated in the home burnings. Several children also became ill during the ordeal and died later. "[82][83][84] Smith's followers, commonly known as Mormons, began to settle in Jackson County in 1831 to "build up" the city of Zion. [82] Other members of the mob opened fire, which sent the Latter-day Saints fleeing in all directions. It won the best book award for the Mormon History Association. I will not obey your order. The specific dates of the war are from August 6, 1838, (the Gallatin election battle) to November 1, 1838, when Joseph Smith surrendered at Far West. [48][49], General David R. Atchison wrote a letter to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838. The conflict continued until early November, when the outnumbered Mormons surrendered and agreed to leave the state. "[35] The crowd dispersed, and the Mormons returned to their homes. [102][103], During a transfer to another prison in the spring of 1839, Smith escaped. Agitation against the Latter Day Saints had become particularly fierce in the sparsely settled counties north and east of Caldwell County. And Subsequent Expulsion. Answer (1 of 3): Original question: What was the cause of the Mormon War? Format: Paperback. [114][115], LeSueur notes that, along with other setbacks, Boggs's mishandling of the Mormon conflict left him "politically impotent" by the end of his term.[116]. LDS Living. A good instructor will also cover the awareness and attitude components by providing exercises that drive home the major points made in the scholarly works. Click the image for an enlarged map illustrating the Battle of Crooked River. Dunn, acting under the orders of Doniphan, continued on to Adam-ondi-Ahman. "[48], On October 1, the mob burned the home and stables of Smith Humphrey. General Parks arrived with the Ray County militia on October 6, but his order to disperse was ignored by the mob. Surrounded by the state militia, the mood in besieged Far West was uneasy. The gun was found to have been stolen from a local shopkeeper, who identified "that hired man of Ward's" as the most likely culprit. Most refugees made their way east to Illinois, where residents of the town of Quincy helped them. Mormon settlement increased as hundreds of members from Kirtland and elsewhere poured into Missouri. The premeditated assault left seventeen Mormon men and boys dead and more than a dozen others wounded. On October 11, Mormon leaders agreed to abandon the settlement and move to Caldwell County. John Corrill, one of the Mormon leaders, remembered: Friendship began to be restored between (the Mormons) and their neighbors, the old prejudices were fast dying away, and they were doing well, until the summer of 1838[18], In 1837, problems at the church's headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio, centering on the Kirtland Safety Society bank, led to schism. Tensions rose in Clay County as the Mormon population grew. You can also get a slight stat buff from the equipment investments. The besieged town resorted to butchering whatever loose livestock wandered into town in order to avoid starvation while waiting for the militia or the Governor to come to their aid. King, on charges of treason, murder, arson, burglary, robbery, larceny and perjury. In Livingston County, a group of armed men forced Asahel Lathrop from his home, where they held his ill wife and children prisoner. They asked if the rumor was true, and demanded that he sign a document disavowing any connection to the vigilance committees. What it's about: Not strictly . 2) August-September 1838: The Danites aggressively worked to defend the Latter-day Saints against anti-Mormon vigilantes. When McBride held out a hand, Rogers cut it off with a corn knife, then may have further mangled his body while McBride was still alive. I was surprised to find out he was mapping Mormon history sites in Missouri as an undergrad. [21], The earlier settlers saw expansion of Mormon communities outside of Caldwell County as a political and economic threat. But problems only multiplied when Mormons settled in large numbers during a relatively short period of time in this region. On the first night of the march out of Carroll County, two Mormon women died. Shortly after organizing the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1830, Joseph Smith Jr. revealed that the Second Coming of Christ was near, that the City of Zion would be near the town of Independence in Jackson County, Missouri, and that his followers were destined to inherit the land held by the current settlers. [98], It is also believed that Smith's imprisonment had become an embarrassment, and that an escape would be convenient for Boggs and the rest of the Missouri political establishment. The willingness of both Missourians and . According to Hinkle, Smith wanted a treaty with the Missourians "on any terms short of battle". [97] Brigham Young recounts that, once the militia was disarmed, Lucas's men were turned loose on the city: [T]hey commenced their ravages by plundering the citizens of their bedding, clothing, money, wearing apparel, and every thing of value they could lay their hands upon, and also attempting to violate the chastity of the women in sight of their husbands and friends, under the pretence of hunting for prisoners and arms. [56] Even Mormon leader Parley P Pratt conceded that some burnings had been done by Mormons. Reynolds discovered a revolver at the scene, still loaded with buckshot. [100], General Clark viewed Executive Order 44 as having been fulfilled by the agreement of the Mormons to evacuate the state the following spring. On the afternoon of 24 October 1838, some of Bogart's men, operating independently of Bogart's main command, took two Mormon spies prisoner at a home where the Mormon "spy company" (a group of Mormons who had been assembled to scout the movements of Bogart and other anti-Mormon vigilantes in the area [12]) was quartered. [88] Smith and the other leaders rode with Hinkle back to the Missouri militia encampment. Citizens in Saline, Howard, Jackson, Chariton, Ray, and other nearby counties organized vigilance committees sympathetic to the Carroll County expulsion party. Despite an attempt by the Mormons to parley, the mob attacked. [38], The Mormons also visited Sheriff William Morgan and several other leading Daviess County citizens, also forcing some of them to sign statements disavowing any ties to the vigilance committees. Joseph Smith and the other arrested leaders were held overnight under guard in General Lucas' camp, where they were left exposed to the elements. Those minutes were written up and widely published in newspapers across the country. Finding 10-year-old Sardius Smith hiding behind the bellows, William Reynolds of Livingston County shot and killed the boy, saying: "Nits will make lice, and if he had lived he would have become a Mormon"[79], In all, 17 Latter Day Saints were killed in what came to be called the Haun's Mill Massacre. [50] Boggs, however, ignored this plea and continued to wait as events unravelled. Published March 09, 2022 05:36:49. The county seat, Gallatin, is reported to have been "completely gutted" only one shoe store remained unscathed. Other Mormons, fearing similar retribution by the Missourians, gathered into Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection. List Price: $35.00. Austin A. Judge Josiah Morin and Samuel McBrier, both considered friendly to the Mormons, both fled Daviess County after being threatened. [13][45], Some isolated Mormons in outlying areas also came under attack. However, they remained an important part of . [86], Colonel Hinkle rode to the church leaders in Far West and informed them of the offered terms. The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri Abstract Review of: The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. Initial reaction by Missourians was mixed. In 1838, however, the state of Missouri entered into a full-scale war against the Mormons. Coming on the heels of news from Daviess County, these reports from the mouths of dissenting Mormon leaders seemed to confirm the Missourians' worst fears. Tensions rose in Clay County as the Mormon population grew. [104], It is also believed that Smith's imprisonment had become an embarrassment, and that an escape would be convenient for Boggs and the rest of the Missouri political establishment. Unfortunately, the shop had large gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, as one Mormon later recalled, it became more "slaughter-house rather than a shelter. Parks wrote his superior, General Atchison, that "a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment. Thomas McBride surrendered his rifle to Jacob Rogers, who shot McBride with his own gun, then mangled his body with a corn knife while he was still alive. When his own troops threatened to join the attackers, Parks was forced to withdraw to Daviess County in hopes that the Governor would come to mediate. [103][104] Judge Austin A King, who had been assigned the cases of the Mormons charged with offenses during the conflict, warned "If you once think to plant crops or to occupy your lands any longer than the first of April, the citizens will be upon you: they will kill you every one, men, women and children."[1]. Mormon was the name of a prophet from that record who edited religious writings of people who originally came from Jerusalem at about 600 B.C. 30 August: Governor Lilburn W. Boggs . [59] According to one witness, "We could stand in our door and see houses burning every night for over two weeks the Mormons completely gutted Daviess County. Many of Boggs' constituents felt that he had mis-managed the situation, by failing to intervene earlier in the crisis, and then by overreacting on the basis of partial and incorrect information. There was scarcely a Missourian's home left standing in the county. "[60], The Missourians evicted from their homes were no better prepared than the Mormon refugees had been. While Mormon women and children scattered and hid in the surrounding woods and nearby homes, Mormon men and boys rallied to defend the settlement. Their economic cohesion allowed the Mormons to dominate local economies. "If found, they will be shot down like dogs," warned Hyrum. [1] Clark to Boggs, 29 Nov. 1838, Mormon War Papers, Missouri State Archives. Once there, they swore out affidavits concerning the burning and looting in Daviess County. Parks wrote his superior, General David Rice Atchison, that "a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment. A company under the command of Captain Samuel Bogart was ordered to patrol the no-man's land between Ray and Caldwell Counties, in an effort to stop armed persons from Caldwell County from invading Ray County. At 8:00am, Joseph sent word to Far West to surrender.[94]. McBrier's house was among those burned. [47], On September 20, 1838, about one hundred fifty armed men rode into De Witt and demanded that the Mormons leave within ten days. [56], Even Missourians who had been friendly to the Mormons were not spared. The Mormons divided into three columns led by David W. Patten, Charles C. Rich, and James Durphee. The Mormon-Missouri War (also called the Mormon War or the Missouri War) was an armed conflict between the Latter-day Saints and other citizens of northern Missouri in the fall of 1838. They believed that the Native Americans were descendants of Israelites and proselytized among them extensively. [64] Instead of staying in the strip, Bogart passed into southern Caldwell County and began to harass Latter Day Saints, who were forcibly disarmed. W. W. Phelps (Mormon) / 40.777; -111.858 ( Salt Lake City Cemetery) William Wines Phelps (February 17, 1792 - March 7, 1872) was an early leader of the Latter Day Saint movement. If they choose to remain, we must be content. Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri (1841). Later that day, the Carroll County forces sealed off the town. 780740 226073477 2008-07-16T18:35:16Z Karl Andrews 343115 /* Background */ 226073477 2008-07-16T18:35:16Z Karl Andrews 343115 /* Background */ [108][109], LeSueur notes that, along with other setbacks, Boggs' mishandling of the Mormon conflict left him "politically impotent" by the end of his term.[110]. This is how it was explained in a letter to US Army Colonel R. B. Mason of Ft. Leavenworth: While the state militia gathered, Missourian vigilante parties continued to act on their own, driving Latter Day Saints inward to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman. The non-Mormon militiaman who died was Moses Rowland, who was killed at Crooked River on 25 October 1838. Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints live freely and happily among their neighbors, sharing smiles and goodwill with everyone they see. [113], Whatever the case, the following year Rockwell was arrested, tried, and acquitted of the attempted murder,[111] although most of Boggs' contemporaries remained convinced of his guilt. The presidency responded by urging the dissenters to leave the county, using strong words that the dissenters interpreted as threats. ndice 1 Antecedentes Initial reaction by Missourians was mixed. Although he had refrained from stopping the illegal anti-Mormon siege of De Witt, he now mustered 2,500 state militia to put down what he perceived to be a Mormon insurrection against the state. Joseph Smith ordered Colonel George M. Hinkle, the head of the Mormon militia in Caldwell County, to ride out and meet with General Lucas to seek terms. As a result of the war, nearly all Mormons in Missouri, estimated at more than ten thousand, were forced to leave the state. [40][41] . One of the Mormons present, Samuel Brown, claimed that Peniston's statements were false and then declared his intention to vote. Doniphan already had troops raised to prevent fighting between Mormons and anti-Mormons in Daviess County. [68] Generals Atchison, Doniphon and Parks decided they needed to call out the militia to "prevent further violence." Public opinion has recoiled from a summary and forcible removal of our negro population;much more likely will it be to revolt at the violent expulsion of two or three thousand souls, who have so many ties to connect them with us in a common brotherhood. [108] Mormon residents were harassed and attacked by angry residents who were no longer restrained by militia officers. According to Latter Day Saint witness Reed Peck, when Smith was told that the Mormons would be expected to leave the state, he replied that "he did not care" and that he would be glad to get out of the "damnable state" anyway. After the inquiry, all but a few of the Mormon prisoners were released, but Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Lyman Wight, Caleb Baldwin, Hyrum Smith and Alexander McRae were held in the Liberty Jail in Liberty, Clay County on charges of treason against the state, murder, arson, burglary, robbery and larceny. Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders. "The Year of Decision: 1846". On July 30, citizens of Carroll County met in Carrollton to discuss the Mormon colonization of De Witt. [56], Local citizens were outraged by the actions of the Danites and other Mormon bands. [79] One 19th century Missouri historian noted: The Daviess County men were very bitter against the Mormons, and vowed the direst vengeance on the entire sect. Although Mormons won the battle, they took heavier casualties than the Militia, only one of whom, Moses Rowland, was killed. One contemporary critic of the Mormons wrote: Mormonism is a monstrous evil; and the only place where it ever did or ever could shine, this side of the world of despair, is by the side of the Missouri mob. This literature review will focus on the time period from 1838 to 1839, during which the Mormon War took place. [54] On the afternoon of October 30, 1838, a vigilante force of more than two hundred armed men attacked and raided the small settlement known as Hawn's Mill in eastern Caldwell County, Missouri. "[78] The mob gave no quarter. The Mormons' economic cohesion allowed for them to dominate the local economy and also became a large voting bloc, threatening the interests of the . In Livingston County, a group of armed men forced Asahel Lathrop from his home, where they held his ill wife and children prisoner. [74], Most Mormons gathered to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection. Joseph Smith, returning to Far West from De Witt, was informed by General Doniphan of the deteriorating situation. Stripped of their property, the Mormons were then given a few months to leave the state. [23] These "dissenters," as they came to be called, owned a significant amount of land in Caldwell County, much of which was purchased when they were acting as agents for the church. When Joseph Smith and volunteers rode to Adam-ondi-Ahman to assess the situation, they discovered there were no truths to the rumors. [51][52] Although he was sympathetic to the Mormons' plight, Doniphan reminded the Latter Day Saints that the Caldwell County militia could not legally enter Daviess County, and he advised Mormons traveling there to go in small parties and unarmed. On October 24, Marsh and Hyde left the fellowship of their fellow Latter Day Saints and traveled to Richmond, in Ray County. "[81] Other Latter Day Saint witnesses remembered that Smith said to "beg like a dog for peace. Stripped of their property, the Mormons were then given a few months to leave the state. [20], In the eyes of many non-Mormon citizens (including Alexander Doniphan),[11] these settlements outside of Caldwell County were a violation of the compromise. Much of the literature about the Danites is sensationalist fiction, such . [106], General Clark viewed Executive Order 44 as having been fulfilled by the agreement of the Mormons to evacuate the state the following spring. According to an article in the Elders' Journal a Latter Day Saint newspaper published in Far West "The Saints here are at perfect peace with all the surrounding inhabitants, and persecution is not so much as once named among them"[18]. [13], With the refusal of the Governor or Legislature to intervene, and having surrendered the bulk of their firearms, Mormons were left nearly defenseless to face the mob. Rumors among both parties spread that there were casualties in the conflict. Las fechas especficas de la guerra son desde el 6 de agosto de 1838 (la batalla de la eleccin de Galatin) hasta el 1 de noviembre de 1838 cuando Joseph Smith se rindi en la ciudad de Far West. [48] One historian notes that Governor Boggs was running for election against several violent men, all capable of the deed, and that there was no particular reason to suspect Rockwell of the crime. Atchison said further, "I would respectfully suggest to your Excellency the propriety of a visit to the scene of excitement in person, or at all events, a strong proclamation" as the only way to restore peace and the rule of law. Most refugees made their way east to Illinois, where residents of the town of Quincy helped them. [35][36], When the Mormons heard a rumor that Judge Adam Black was gathering a mob near Millport, one hundred armed men, including Joseph Smith, surrounded Black's home. Lucas' terms were severe. On October 24, 1838, three Mormons were captured by the Missourians and a troop was organized to go free them. If ye are faithful, ye shall assemble yourselves together to rejoice upon the land of Missouri, which is the land of your inheritance, which is now the land of your enemies.[5]. Stephen C. LeSueur: The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. The conflict expanded to involve state officials, including the governor, and resulted in the incarceration of Joseph Smith and the forced expulsion of the . John Corrill, one of the Mormon leaders, remembered: In 1837, problems at the church's headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio, centering around the Kirtland Safety Society bank, led to schism. 17 June . Although he had refrained from stopping the illegal anti-Mormon siege of De Witt, he now mustered 2,500 State Militia to put down the Mormon insurrection against the state. . The 1838 Mormon War, also known as the Missouri Mormon War, was a conflict between Mormons and non-Mormons in Missouri from August to November 1838, the first of the three "Mormon Wars". Colonel Hinkle and Mormons of the Caldwell County militia were joined by church leaders including Joseph Smith and also by elements of the Danite organization. Hinkle and Murdock refused, citing their right as American citizens to settle where they pleased. . [31], In the speech, Rigdon declared that the Latter Day Saints would no longer be driven from their homes by persecution from without or dissension from within, and that if enemies came again to drive out the Saints, "And that mob that comes on us to disturb us, it shall be between us and them a war of extermination; for we will follow them until the last drop of their blood is spilled; or else they will have to exterminate us, for we will carry the seat of war to their own houses and their own families, and one party or the other shall be utterly destroyed"[26], The Gallatin Election Day Battle was a skirmish between Mormon and non-Mormon settlers in the newly formed Daviess County, Missouri, on August 6, 1838. [51][53] Ignoring this counsel, a Mormon judge in Caldwell County called out the Caldwell militia, led by Colonel George M. Hinkle. Phelps testified that throughout the summer and fall he received assurances from the citizens of Ray and Clay counties that no mobs were being raised against the Saints in that quarter.66 William Swartzell, a Mormon resident of Diahman, recorded that the Mormons were the only ones talking about mobs at this timehe had heard nothing from the . The Grand Mafia. [86] Other Latter Day Saint witnesses remembered that Smith said to "beg like a dog for peace". Mormon leader John Corrill wrote, "the love of pillage grew upon them very fast, for they plundered every kind of property they could get a hold of. The skirmish is often cited as the first serious violence of the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. [43] The citizens of De Witt sent non-Mormon Henry Root to appeal to Judge King and General Parks for assistance. Lilburn Boggs, as a Jackson county resident, and as Lieutenant Governor, was in a position to observe and assist in executing the tactics described by one Mormon historian: In 1833 Boggs passively saw community leaders and officials sign demands for Mormon withdrawal, and next force a gunbarrel contract to abandon the county before spring plantinganti-Mormon goals were reached in a few simple stages. "If found, they will be shot down like dogs," warned Hyrum. The refinement, the charity of our age, will not brook it.[113]. [27] Two days after Rigdon preached his Salt Sermon, 80 prominent Mormons, including Hyrum Smith, signed the so-called Danite Manifesto, which warned the dissenters to "depart or a more fatal calamity shall befall you". The presidency responded by urging the dissenters to leave the county, using strong words that the dissenters interpreted as threats. "[48][49], On October 9, A C Caldwell returned to De Witt to report that the Governor's response was that the "quarrel was between the Mormons and the mob" and that they should fight it out.[48]. [35] Reminding Daviess County residents of the growing electoral power of the Mormon community, Peniston made a speech in Gallatin claiming that if the Missourians "suffer such men as these [Mormons] to vote, you will soon lose your suffrage." Install. LeSueur, Stephen C. How to Cite: (1989) "The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri", The Annals of Iowa 50 (2-3), 278-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.9389 Rights: Copyright 1989 State Historical Society of Iowa. The question of whether or not Mormons should be allowed to settle in the county was placed on the August 6 ballot; a heavy majority favored expulsion of the Mormons. After the court martial, he ordered General Alexander William Doniphan: You will take Joseph Smith and the other prisoners into the public square of Far West and shoot them at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning.[94]. [56], During the days that followed, Latter Day Saint vigilantes under the direction and encouragement of Lyman Wight drove Missourians who lived in outlying farms from their homes, which were similarly plundered and burned. "[30] The text of this speech was endorsed by Joseph Smith, who appeared at the event and participated in the raising of a liberty pole. [84] Smith believed that Hinkle had betrayed him,[87] but Hinkle maintained his innocence and claimed that he was following Smith's orders. Joseph Smith vehemently denied Bennett's account, speculating that Boggsno longer governor, but campaigning for state senatewas attacked by an election opponent. Despite an attempt by the Mormons to parley, the mob attacked. Around 200 non-Mormons gathered in Gallatin on election day to prevent Mormons from voting. INTRODUCTION: The Mormon presence in nineteenth-century Missouri was uneasy at best and at times flared into violence fed by misunderstanding and suspicion. [36], When about thirty Latter Day Saints approached the polling place, a Missourian named Dick Weldon declared that in Clay County the Mormons had not been allowed to vote, "no more than negroes". On August 6, 1838, the war began following a brawl at an election in Gallatin, resulting in increased organized violence between Mormons and non-Mormons backed by the Missouri Volunteer Militia in northwestern Missouri. Members of the Latter Day Saint movement, founded by Joseph Smith, had gradually migrated from New York to northwestern Missouri since 1831, mainly settling in Jackson County, where tensions with non-Mormon residents led to episodes of anti-Mormon violence. [65], Local citizens were outraged by the actions of the Danites and other Mormon bands. A committee sent to De Witt ordered the Latter Day Saints to leave. Between August and November of 1838, the Mormons and non-Mormons of Missouri got into a pretty serious conflict. Other Mormons, fearing similar retribution by the Missourians, gathered into Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection.[56]. Although Mormons won the battle, they took heavier casualties than the Missourians. By. [118], Joseph Smith vehemently denied Bennett's account, speculating that Boggsno longer governor, but campaigning for state senatewas attacked by an election opponent. [76], On October 29, this large vigilante band of some 250 men assembled and entered eastern Caldwell County. Talk:1838 Mormon War Connected to: {{::readMoreArticle.title}} From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [4] An unknown number of non-combatants died due to exposure and hardship as a result of being expelled from their homes in Missouri.[5]. [53][56] Millport, Grindstone Fork and the smaller Missourian settlement of Splawn's Ridge were also plundered and had some houses burned. [1] Latter Day Saint refugees began to flee to Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection and shelter against the upcoming winter. [53][55] Millport, Grindstone Fork and the smaller Missourian settlement of Splawn's Ridge were also plundered and had some houses burned. The 1838 Mormon War, also known as the Missouri Mormon War, was a conflict between Mormons and non-Mormons in Missouri from August to November 1838, the fi. At the same time, a leadership struggle between the church presidency and Missouri leaders led to the excommunication of several high-placed Mormon leaders, including Oliver Cowdery (one of the Three Witnesses and the church's original "second elder"), David Whitmer (another of the Three Witnesses and Stake President of the Missouri Church), as well as John Whitmer, Hiram Page, William Wines Phelps and others.I[23] These "dissenters", as they came to be called, owned a significant amount of land in Caldwell County, much of which was purchased when they were acting as agents for the church. A militia under the command of Samuel Bogart was authorized by General Atchison to patrol the no-man's land between Ray and Caldwell Counties known as "Bunkham's Strip" an unincorporated territory 6 miles (9.7km) east to west and 1-mile (1.6km) north to south. [13] Latter Day Saint refugees began to flee to Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection and shelter against the upcoming winter. The Far West militia was marched out of the city and forced to turn over their weapons to General Lucas. The Settlement of The Peculiar People in Jackson County. The specific dates of the war are from August 6, 1838, (the Gallatin election battle) to November 1, 1838, when Joseph Smith surrendered at Far West. It's not easy to make a major change and make it stick. John Whitmer recounts that Smith bribed the guards. [32][33], William Peniston, a candidate for the state legislature, made disparaging statements about the Mormons, calling them "horse-thieves and robbers",[34] and warned them not to vote in the election. Finding 10-year-old Sardius Smith hiding behind the bellows, William Reynolds of Livingston County shot and killed the boy, saying: "Nits will make lice, and if he had lived he would have become a Mormon"[74] Hinkle and Murdock refused, citing their right as American citizens to settle where they pleased. The Mormon War is a name that is sometimes given to the 1838 conflict which occurred between Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and their neighbors in the northwestern region of the US state of Missouri. Despite the inferior numbers of the Mormons, the Missourians scattered before them, causing both sides to think many of the Missourians had been killed. They believed that if they were righteous they would inherit the land held by others in Missouri. In an effort to keep the peace, Alexander William Doniphan of Clay County pushed a law through the Missouri legislature that created Caldwell County, Missouri specifically for Mormon settlement in 1836. [57] The plundered goods were deposited in the Bishop's storehouse at Diahman. I have reviewed five books: Leland H. Gentry's A . Once engaged with the commanding officers of the English foe, these seasoned war veterans would have easily defeated King Edward's knights and possibly killed the. [74], While the State Militia gathered, Missouri unorganized Militia continued to act on their own, driving Mormons inward to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman. Nearly every one was burned. The state militia broke ranks and fled across the river. [67][68], Fearing attack, many citizens of Ray County moved their wives and children across the Missouri River for safety. [35] Reminding Daviess County residents of the growing electoral power of the Mormon community, Peniston made a speech in Gallatin claiming that if the Missourians "suffer such men as these [Mormons] to vote, you will soon lose your suffrage." I will not obey your order. John Whitmer recounts that Smith bribed the guards. Agnes Smith, a sister-in-law of Joseph, was chased from her home with two small children when her home was burned. Nathan Tanner reported that his militia company rescued another woman and three small children who were hiding in the bushes as their home burned. Although Mormons won the battle, they took heavier casualties than the Missourians. Fearing attack, many citizens of Ray County moved their wives and children across the Missouri River for safety. These militias clashed with their Missouri opponents, leading to a few fatalities on both sides. Once they were established in a county of their own, a period of relative peace ensued. When a Mormon band plundered and burned the Taylor home, one young Mormon, Benjamin F Johnson, argued his fellow vigilantes into leaving a horse for a pregnant Mrs Taylor and her children to ride to safety. [61], Many Latter Day Saints were greatly troubled by the occurrences. The skirmish is often cited as the first serious violence of the war in Missouri. According to an article in the Elders' Journal a Latter Day Saint newspaper published in Far West "The Saints here are at perfect peace with all the surrounding inhabitants, and persecution is not so much as once named among them"[17]. In October 1833, anti-Mormon mobs drove the Mormons from Jackson County.[11]. When the Mormons arrived on the scene, the state militia unit was camped along Crooked River in the Bunkham's Strip just south of Caldwell County. its a blog about my life. Hyrum Smith, Brigham Young, and other leaders left at Far West warned the veterans of Crooked River to flee. Mormon vigilantes, including many Danites, raided two towns believed to be centers of anti-Mormon activity, burning homes and stealing goods.22 Though . Battle of Crooked River.jpg 564 452; 106 KB. June: Danites organize in Far West. C LeSueur's The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (1986), Alexander L. Baugh's A Call to [119] Other historians are convinced that Rockwell was involved in the shooting. [74], None of the Missourians were ever prosecuted for their role in the Haun's Mill Massacre. [26][28][29], On July 4, Sidney Rigdon gave an oration, which was characterized by Mormon historian Brigham Henry Roberts as a "'Declaration of Independence' from all mobs and persecutions. (Rockwood, Journal, 11 Nov. 1838, CHL.) My fundamental claim is that the rhetoric of both sides in the 1838 Mormon War exhibited the signature strategies of Innocent III's ideology of anti-heretical crusade. Judge Josiah Morin and Samuel McBrier, both considered friendly to the Mormons, both fled Daviess County after being threatened. Joseph Smith, returning to Far West from De Witt, was informed by General Doniphan of the deteriorating situation. [37], Black and others filed complaints against Smith and the other identifiable Mormon participants. Back in 1987, Steve wrote an amazing book called The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. The soldiers also turned their horses into our fields of corn.[92][93]. He's still alive, ain't he?". In the early part of 1838, Mormons started to settle outside of Caldwell which, once again, upset some Missourians so conflict broke out. However, Reynolds was unable to capture Rockwell. During the conflict 22 people were killed (3 Mormons and 1 non-Mormon at Crooked River,[2] one Mormon prisoner fatally injured while in custody,[3] and 17 Mormons at Hauns Mill). Thomas McBride surrendered his rifle to Jacob Rogers, who shot McBride with his own gun. [87][88][89], Lucas' terms were severe. On May 6, 1842, Boggs was shot in the head at his home three blocks from Temple Lot. Lilburn Boggs, as a Jackson county resident, and as Lieutenant Governor, was in a position to observe and assist in executing the tactics described by one Mormon historian: In 1833 Boggs passively saw community leaders and officials sign demands for Mormon withdrawal, and next force a gunbarrel contract to abandon the county before spring plantinganti-Mormon goals were reached in a few simple stages. Lathrop's wife and remaining children died shortly after their rescue. Joseph Smith and the criminal justice system, Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1968, "LDS Church History: LDS History, October 14, 1838", "The Extermination Order and How it was Rescinded", Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 1920, http://ldsliving.com/story/77142-porter-rockwell-7-unbelievable-facts-and-stories-you-didnt-know, "Clarification of Boggs' 'Order' and Joseph Smith's Constitutionalism", "Mormonism. The gun was found to have been stolen from a local shopkeeper, who identified "that hired man of Ward's" as the most likely culprit. Beckstorm, Danielle. Nearly every one was burned. [61] None of these claims, however, purport to be eye-witness accounts. With peace restored, Smith's group returned to Caldwell County. The men under the command of Lucas were then allowed to ransack the city to search for weapons. Doniphan refused to obey the order, replying: It is cold-blooded murder. which rallied the Mormons and allowed them to drive off their opponents.[36]. One woman died of exposure, the other (a woman named Jenson) died in childbirth. On August 19, 1838, Mormon settler Smith Humphrey reports that 100 armed men led by Colonel William Claude Jones took him prisoner for two hours and threatened him and the rest of the Mormon community.[43]. The church relocated from Kirtland to Far West, which became the new headquarters of the church. According to Latter Day Saint witness Reed Peck, when Smith was told that the Mormons would be expected to leave the state, he replied that "he did not care" and that he would be glad to get out of the "damnable state" anyway. Boggs held strong preconceptions against the Latter Day Saints, dating from the time when both he and they had lived in Jackson County, and the governor believed the reports. [4] All of the conflicts in the Mormon War occurred in a corridor 100 miles (160km) to the east and northeast of Kansas City. Several children also became ill during the ordeal and died later. Every Mormon who had taken up arms was to sell his property to pay for the damages to Missourian property and for the muster of the state militia. The Mormons were evicted from Jackson County in 1833 and resettled in new counties nearby, where tensions grew again and attempts to evict them resumed. [62] Based on the available evidence, LeSueur estimates that Mormons were responsible for the burning of fifty homes or shops and the displacement of one hundred non-Mormon families. Activity Planning This involves making a road . . The day has gone by when masses of men can be outlawed, and driven from society to the wilderness, unprotected. Possibly playing on Rigdon's July 4 sermon that talked of a "war of extermination", Boggs issued Missouri Executive Order 44, also known as the "Extermination Order", on October 27, which stated that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace"[76] The Extermination Order was finally rescinded on June 25, 1976, by Governor Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond.[77][78]. King, judge of the Fifth judicial circuit of the state of Missouri, at the Court-house in Richmond, in a criminal court of inquiry, begun November 12, 1838, on the trial of Joseph Smith, Jr., and others, for high treason and other crimes against the state. [105], Daviess County residents were outraged by the escape of Smith and the other leaders. Truths to the wilderness, unprotected Missourians evicted from their homes were no restrained. Was scarcely a Missourian 's home left standing in the bushes as their home burned to a months... 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