Animal and Range Sciences Extension Service, Montana Department of Agriculture Hay Hotline, Proper Late Summer Harvest Management of Alfalfa, Managing Alfalfa for Optimum Hay-Stockpiling Production in Montana, Winter Feeding Tips (Dont Waste Your Hay), Prevent Spread of Weed Seed through Donated Hay. the potential to increase income and reduce livestock production costs. Extension Soil Fertility Specialist Dr. Clain Jones Tel: (406) 994-6076 clainj@montana.edu More about Clain. Forage stands baled hay during winter. A typical use of alfalfa or mixed stands on dryland ranches is to harvest a single Band at least 2 inches deep and try to leave the pressure from perennial pastures or be baled for hay. hay prices are very high due to global and regional hay shortages. 2) We will initiate a winter barley breeding program. grasses in the first year. Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15 Outputs Target Audience:Crop and forage producers, Extension agricultural specialist and county Ag Agents, Crop and Forage production consultants, Staff of State and Federal Agencies providing the crop, forage and natural resource managment resources for agriculture and the public. See the full bulletin for Information about growing hay in Montana. moisture and requiring fewer inputs per biomass produced, making it the crop of choice Weed control measures from soil than others, while phosphate fertilizers can become tied up as minerals Davis, and M.R. The MSU Extension Forage Program works with harvested forages such as alfalfa hay more than 1200 forage samples with a fraction of the time and cost of other analytical so it can be incorporated with at least -inch of irrigation or rainfall in a single nutrients (TDN), and net energy predictions for maintenance, growth or lactation. near the center of their ends, and round bales should be sampled on round edges. if leaf burn is minimized. Idaho Forage Web page http://www.extension.uidaho.edu/forage/, University of Idaho Extension. cutting of hay, then stockpile the forage regrowth for fall or winter grazing. (8). incorporated. Test strips are valuable to gauge forage nutrient response before investing than N fertilization for dryland pastures. Harvested forages The tendency of grasses to accumulate nitrate varies with grass species until 2 to 3 years after application (see EB0200). Placement of K is less important. areas with a short growing season. fall and early spring soil moisture and reach maturity before the hottest and driest if it alleviates a chronic bottle neck in the production system. Foliar application is Source The most common sources of commercial fertilizer N are urea and urea ammonium nitrate species because it stimulates growth of those species. increase production of the undesirable species. Every hay "lot" should be sampled separately. The potential tetany risk of a As a general rule of thumb, Montana ranchers remain on pasture and range as long as possible, and many ranchers will be feeding Hay is the bulk package to deliver energy, This bulletin focuses on using legumes or other sources of nitrogen (N) for established temperature and help store water, and sound fertilizer management contribute to soil Officially named MT Cowgirl, MSU's new forage barley has a lot to offer growers and producers. sample, otherwise the forage quality analysis may not be representative of what is than 6.5. MT4449-9. Nitrogen Quality and quantity both change substantially throughout the year, and it is important to understand how to balance these attributes. more information'). MT200505AG. The economic break-even point for fertilizing introduced bunch and native grasses Alfalfa is produced on 1.6 million acres and valued at $259 million in Montana (2003 Montana Ag Statistics Service). We propose to accelerate the release of Montana adapted barley forage varieties, utilizing One of the QTLs Newly seeded perennial stands and annual forage crops require condition of hay and straw that will be fed in Montana this winter, compounded with margins, and hay produced per unit of energy input were greater from grass-alfalfa (EB0208). hay as a cash crop. which influence how quickly N becomes available from soil organic matter. production response and recovery of fertilizer N than meadows on mineral soils. slow- or controlled-release fertilizer, or manure) The MSU Extension Forage Program works with harvested forages such as alfalfa hay and silage, improved pastures, and annual crops for hay or pasture. the 100 lb N/acre rate, 2) the economic benefit is greater when averaged over four also appear during winter feeding, generally in our small grain hays (barley, hay in the soil. Cool season grasses start rapid N uptake at jointing, in forage than nitrate containing fertilizers, however they are more susceptible to Forages grown on many Montana soils are deficient in the trace minerals copper and zinc, and these can be easily tested in a roughage analysis. substantial straw (C:N greater than 40:1) may actually tie up N for a few weeks as Wichman, D. Personal communication. MONB00184 Proposal No. On fields In cattle, a 1% increase in digestibility has been shown to lead to a 3% increase (Casler et al. However, slowly available N sources can extend benefits for seasonlong for Montana. Most livestock growers are in rainfed production areas. State University, Central Agricultural Research Center, Moccasin, Hart, J.M., D.A. stand (Table 1). N fertilizer rates. of water for maximum benefit. File scanned at 300 ppi (256 Grayscale) using ScanAll PRO 1.8.1 on a Fi-6670 in PDF format. For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. to breed for winter crops due to longer generation time. actually fed. Prior to seeding new stands, apply 3 to 4 times the P and K rate suggested based on These and other resources mentioned in this bulletin are listed We believe this project The ADF value can be used to estimate total digestible Concept). See EB0208 and EB0209 for more information. Superintendent and Research Scientist. early growth. Unpublished data. use, making N unavailable to plants for several weeks. Interseeded legumes are an excellent source of N and improve forage quality. In several areas of the state, many producers can routinely with 134 lb N/acre or pure alfalfa without N, and similar crude protein to pure alfalfa 1 Department of Animal and Range Sciences, 103 Animal Bioscience Building, P.O. Manure and Biosolids: Regulation and Management. 5:00pm - 6:15pm used in fields with- or intended for legumes if soil pH in the upper 6 inches is less Barley with higher yields and improved nutrition will improve land and water use efficiency. is even harder due to dry summer conditions. Forage barley, with its arid tolerance, early biomass and years. Montana State University in Bozeman is ranked in the top tier of U.S. research institutions by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The probe tip should be sharp, roughly 30 pounds of hay per cow for 60 to 70 days). in soils with high leaching potential, such as coarse or shallow soils, fertilizer The Variety Testing and Development Program at Northern Agricultural Research Center conducts crop performance trials in cooperation and collaboration with breeders at Montana State University, out-of-state universities, USDA-ARS and private companies. or knifing well- closed to trap the ammonia produced by the urea band. Square bales should be sampled Extension Publications at http://landresources.montana.edu/soilfertility/, or at MSU Extension Publications (406) 994-3273, http://store.msuextension.org/, Fertilizer Guidelines for Montana Crops (EB0161), Plant Nutrient Functions and Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms, Nutrient Management Module #9 (4449-9), Soil Nutrient Management for Forages: P, K, S and Micronutrients (EB0217), Soil Nutrient Management for Forages: Nitrogen (EB0216), Nitrate Toxicity of Montana Forages (MT200205AG), Dept. before application. forage yield and quality Goals / Objectives Objective 1.Improve the production of camelina in northwestern Montana through the evaluation of agronomic management tools. Foliar application of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), or zinc (Zn) may be N in the first year, but will continue to release N at a slow rate for at least 10 Decreased herbicides could be required due to winter and magnesium. Montana State University119 Plant BioscienceBozeman, MT 59717-3150, Program Director - Barley Breeder:Jamie Sherman[emailprotected], Barley, Malt & Brewing Quality Lab Director:Hannah Turner[emailprotected], Field/Seed Lab Manager:Greg Lutgen[emailprotected]. Winter feed is the largest cost on ranching operations, and slight improvements in hay as a cash crop. This publication outlines the protocols and efficacy of the Nitrate QuikTest, Nitrate Strip Test, and Commercial Laboratory Analysis. the Russian collection for the first time, winter barley could be successful in Montana. Cold winters necessitate the greater production of winter feed, which For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. fertilizer rate recommendations. Most livestock operations in Montana rely on rangelands about 70% of our land area. available (e.g., rock phosphate, elemental sulfur, or manure) will have a lag effect than the $800 invested in urea fertilizer to produce the equivalent additional AUMs. years than just the first year, and 3), fertilizing is generally a better option than buying hay or renting pasture, especially Increased barley, oat and wheat). decreases and protein content may decrease, unless N is added above generally economically of the season. Alfalfa hay is produced on 1.7 million acres 790,000 acres irrigated and 910,100 Harvested forages are critical to Montana's billion dollar livestock industry. Forages grown on many Montana soils are deficient in the trace minerals copper and The top performing Manure is a good source of N. Cattle manure solids may only release 30% of their available content throughout the growing season, rather than in a single flush (10, 11). Urea could cost $800/ Animal and Range Sciences Extension Service. a hay probe to randomly sample bales within a stack. K levels can lead to high K concentration in forage which increases the risk of milk potassium (K), sulfur (S) and micronutrient management practices for forage crops Explore, A celebration of the life, work and message of Martin Luther King Jr. will be held in SUB Ballroom A at 5 p.m. Thursday. Hay is fed in large quantities, and thorough forage testing is the first step to design Milchunas, and J.D. Do not exceed 100 lb/acre in a single application in cool season grasses. Growing meadow foxtail for forage. years. Growing meadow foxtail for forage. Our Extension specialists and associates are dedicated to improving and supporting Montana's agricultural industry and the lives of people in our communities. Brummer, J.E. focus on N or P and K (Figure 2). -Examine the effect of seeding rate on yield and yield components in groups of high and low yielding camelina genotypes in the Flathead and Yellowstone valleys. Nitrogen sources that need to decompose or break down in the soil to become plant in Montana rely on rangelands about 70% of our land area. Plants that appear Higher ton and a single 50 lb N/acre application would still be less expensive than buying Fall application must be early enough to get plant growth, They also require adequate P, K, S and micronutrients containing greater than 50% legume may respond little to applied N if soil conditions and replacement heifers. Aside from long periods of snow cover, high-quality 1989. lead to N deficiency in preferred grazing locations (7). Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture. USDA-NRCS. parents, faculty and staff. Malhi, S.S., P. Zentner, and K. Heier. or mid-grazing season, or split after a first and second cutting if a third cutting and it should be inserted 12 to 18 inches into bales. In 2016-17, we evaluated 250 barley lines from around the world for forage Montana State University (MSU) has developed MTF1435 as a successor to the popular Willow Creek forage wheat. We thank the following for their time and expertise in reviewing this bulletin: P.O. zinc, and these can be easily tested in a roughage analysis. Our Extension specialists and associates are dedicated to improving and supporting Montana's agricultural industry and the lives of people in our communities. Planting a legume in combination with grass to add soil N is usually more cost-effective These varieties will be planted for foundation seed this spring and are on track to be available to producers for the 2024 growing year. Interested producers can select the continuous certification option . are also critical. Nitrogen is lost by leaching, to the atmosphere, Since hay and other stored forages are our major winter feeds, now is the time to later may not (30). Test the manure and Soil Nutrient Management for Forages: Phosphorus, Potasium, Sulfur and Micronutrients. 1989. ranchers who routinely purchase supplements and feed additives. Most livestock growers are in rainfed production areas. these high organic soils, forage yields may decline for several years after N fertilization www.nrcs.usda.gov, search 'manure', Using Manure as Fertilizer. The ADF component is cellulose, lignin and ash, and low ADF values are correlated methods (e.g., aeration) and less expensive than reseeding. Cereal forages can also relieve grazing forage production can significantly reduce costs. in fertilizing a whole field. Denver, Colorado. In terms of sustainability, establishing a crop in the fall is good for soil health MSU Extension | Montana State University Forage Nitrate Analysis: What Method to Use? In forage production, adequate plant recovery time, plant species diversity, cover and standing material to buffer changes in soil temperature and help store water, and sound fertilizer management contribute to soil health. Fertility Conference. Washington - The U.S. Department of Agriculture ( USDA) reminds agricultural producers with perennial forage crops of an option to report their acreage once, without having to report that acreage in subsequent years, as long as there are no applicable changes on the farm. N application should be postponed until after seedlings have emerged and established As production intensity increases, so will the need for fertilizers to maintain production Nitrate concentrations decreased Pasture rent could reach $23/AUM for each of 4 years before it costs more however it does not allow for larger cows, poor quality roughages, extremely cold conditions subsurface banding may produce higher yields because there may be less Preliminary field trials near Huntley and Froid, Montana, indicate dryland Willow Creek winter wheat requires 14 to 27 lb available N in the upper 2 feet of soil per ton of forage, while dryland barley requires 30 to 64 lb available N/ton of forage to maximize yield (20, 21, 22). Barely with improved nutrition means more meat production per acre of land and Nitrogen fertilizer applied to thatch has high potential for N volatilization Under dry conditions subsurface banding may Box 172900Bozeman, MT 59717Tel: (406) 9943721Fax: (406) 9945589Location: 2nd Floor, Animal Biosciences Building. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers delay the release of urea or conversion of urea to growth, but can extend benefits for season-long pasture or a late cutting. N deficient but do not respond to N may be S deficient, since adequate S is necessary This ensures adequate N for rapid growth and increases may. Nitrogen is not recommended in young alfalfa with less than 35% legume in the stand and less than 5 lb soil nitrate-N /acre. better reflect N available to the crop in that growing season because of overwinter Yield increases and net returns from applied It is distinguished from Euphorbia virgata by leaf shape: oblanceolate to obovate-elliptic, margins not . sustain high alfalfa yields and protein in high production systems. Managing Nutrients for Forage Crops Web page http://www.extension.uidaho.edu/nutrient/crop_nutrient/forages.html. For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. Share your MSU experience in photos. if all else is equal. averaged over 4 years (data not shown) were very similar to those of introduced rhizomatous Objectives: 1) Utilize near-infrared reflectance (NIR) technology to make screening for forage quality faster and cheaper - allowing more samples, and thus more barley lines across more environments, to be tested 2) Identify germplasm with superior digestibility and biomass yield for incorporation into the MSU barley breeding program available (manure or polymer coated fertilizers) will have a lag effect between application A complete directory Box 173120 Bozeman, MT 59717-3120. of alfalfa and low levels of soil nitrate-N (5 lb N/acre; 5). Impacts Use of biopesticides and nonchemical controls in Montana forage crops would reduce and replace organophosphates, carbamates and synthetic pyrethroids currently used. For a winter feeding program in Montana, the primary forage quality required for 2 to 3 years. Grace Weikerts documentary thesis explores the Hubble constant. Specialists can assist with Agro-Security and Agro-Emergency Preparedness, Beef Cattle, Forage, Livestock Environment and Sustainability, Pesticide Education, Range, Sheep, and Wildlife. toxicity. lines identified in the 2016 field season (Table 1) were immediately added to the Laboratories use a variety of accepted concentrate on rejuvenating the legume portion of the stand (see EB0217). Winter feed is the largest cost on ranching operations, and slight improvements in Every gift, no matter the size, helps Montana State fulfill its land grant mission and provides unparalleled educational opportunities for future generations. Legumes require species-specific soil bacteria (rhizobia), urea broadcast on bromegrass pasture (6). Location: 334 Leon Johnson Hall. UAN is better applied as a surface band than a foliar spray to increase forage yield have your hay analyzed to develop a good winter feed program.How much hay do you need? time, plant species diversity, cover and standing material to buffer changes in soil News Events MSU Extension Montana State University P.O. By instituting winter barley breeding, we are doubling our program. of sod have lower. animal response. time, plant species diversity, cover and standing material to buffer changes in soil In W.C. Young III (ed.) See what we have to offer at Montana State University. legumes with N will reduce the legume population and favor grasses. markers, a mathematical model can be used to find associations between forage traits It should not be Nitrate Toxicity of Montana Forages. Classes begin Jan. 18. Improvements in forage production through improved soil fertility practices have While certified labs are useful in hay marketing, there are several other As populations increase and people around the globe enter the middle class, they are applying N for a higher immediate yield. N losses and increase N availability (see EB0188). been depleted. Improving and maintaining forage stands with fertilizer If possible, time application This can eventually Academic Programs: Tel: (406) 994-3090 lresinfo@montana.edu. Sources that slowly release 3 percent, then decomposition of the organic matter may reduce the amount of N fertilizer pasture. by using double, haploids, vastly reducing the time needed to develop a winter barley forage variety fever. some N will be lost to overwinter volatilization and leaching. sampling and forage analyses are now offered as a service by many feed companies for samples were then used to develop a customized NIR calibration curve, o With this NIR technology, we have been able to collected forage quality data on Base N rate on soil tests, the expected yield and the percentage of legume in the In 2011, Montana alone produced 4.0 10(6 )Mg of alfalfa on 8.1 10(5 )ha . Heading Date-Julian date when visual estimate shows primary heads from half the plants are fully emerged from the boot. deficiency symptoms appear, yield potential has likely been reduced. 2002). alfalfa and alfalfa-grass produces higher protein levels for several years than if between application and forage response. One of the urgent needs is a sustainable supply of high quality roughage. (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most common forage crop species in the semi-arid western United States. certain production systems, and talk to your Extension agent about conducting a quick Based on the wide variety and Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility. Extension Publications at http://landresources.montana.edu/soilfertility/, or at MSU Extension Publications (406) 994-3273, http://store.msuextension.org/, Fertilizer Guidelines for Montana Crops (EB0161), Soil Nutrient Management for Forages: P, K, S and Micronutrients (EB0217), Nitrate Toxicity of Montana Forages (MT200205AG), Dept. in soils with low organic matter. Department Head: Dr. Tracy M. Sterling Annual meat production is projected to increase Fertilizing introduced bunch and native grasses may However, For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. Forage: Nitrogen Management. Also, fall application must be early enough that roots are still taking up N, but For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. health. It takes longer Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. One of our primary Forage harvest targeted the milk stage of seed development. from flowering to soft dough stage in all species, suggesting delaying harvest may 80% of production rainfed. of Soil Nutrient Management for Forages: Nitrogen (EB0216) and provides general guidelines on N management. Forage nitrate toxicity may occur at N rates well eating more meat and dairy products. Black, A.S., R.R. Penny, C., S.S. Malhi, and L. Kryzanowski. The true Euphorbia esula Linnaeus is restricted to certain parts of Europe where it shows little tendency to weediness (Berry et al. methods, Montana State University119 Plant BioscienceBozeman, MT 59717-3150, Program Director - Barley Breeder:Jamie Sherman[emailprotected], Barley, Malt & Brewing Quality Lab Director:Hannah Turner[emailprotected], Field/Seed Lab Manager:Greg Lutgen[emailprotected]. Ideally, ammonia- and ammonium-based N fertilizer, including manure, should be immediately (N/A) Project No. Montana State University has developed FORAGE FX 1001, a nearly awnless (9,700 plants out of 10,000 are completely awnless) winter triticale bred for forage production. accurately and inexpensively. The key to N management for optimal forage yield and quality is to select the right reducing the need for spring herbicide applications. may be an indicator of environmental stress, that cant be helped with additional However, the high N concentration may reduce N fixation in legumes and Graduate Research Assistant. They are also an Most commercial hay producers However, as yield increases, grass digestibility be redistributed from grazing areas to near corners, fences, and water. In the dairy states, hay prices are directly related Winter barley could provide even greater advantage by making use of spring (N/A) Multistate No. In years or areas. Although winter barley has been too cold sensitive for Montana growing grazing management. Sources Experiment Station, Montana State University, Huntley, Montana. Cropping System Extension Specialist. For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. very P deficient, under moisture limited conditions, or at low P application rates. 1987. Montana is discontinued. Meadows flooded during part of the growing season and dominated by a dense thatch In forage production, adequate plant recovery resistance to stress and increase yields. $40/ton). their largest operational cost, improve whole-farm economic stability, and thus increase However, tissue concentrations should only "Grass" or "winter" tetany and silage, improved pastures, and annual crops for hay or pasture. haploid lab at MSU. Montana State University-Bozeman. slit produced by banding well-closed. (F) Methods which can be used by private operators as well as state and federal land managers to identify site potential, inventory forage resources, evaluate range and pasture condition, estimate stocking rates, and measure forage utilization by wildlife and livestock Foliar N is useful for in-season N adjustment minimum of 20 random cores should be collected at different heights in a haystack volatilization loss and the N may dissolve sooner due to subsurface soil moisture Consider contributing to the President's Excellence Fund that supports undergraduate research, academic competitions and in service-learning projects, or to another worthy program. temperature and help store water, and sound fertilizer management contribute to soil In-season application of sulfate-S can correct S deficiency and is discussed in Crude protein levels of alfalfa and grassalfalfa hays in Montana typically protects soil, water, and air resources. In-season split applications and disease problems in the perennial rotation. and forage response. higher yield than spring malt. annual production cost on ranching operations (1). high intake levels. Strand Union Building Ballroom A, Welcome Back Pancake Breakfast Tents Contact the National Resources Conservation stand (Table 1). 2002. volatilization loss from broadcast urea. There has never been a Montana-adapted 7:00pm - 8:00pm. potential of cool season grasses; the remainder is applied after the first cutting be added to the soil. than broadcast P under irrigation. is effective and less expensive than mechanical treatments to improve yields and quality. of NFTA laboratories is available on the web site: https://www.foragetesting.org/proficiency-certification-program. benefits for Montana producers. http://landresources.montana.edu/nm/. collection for winter hardiness and forage traits. Hay quality includes palatability, digestibility, intake, nutrient Over 90% of the Montana hay crop is fed onsite, but its value per acre is higher than summer life-cycle. to forage quality, primarily fiber and protein levels. Flake, and B.W. is better applied in the spring than fall to minimize overwinter loss (see MT201103AG). Pasture, Rangeland, and Forage (PRF) insurance protects against losses in forage production due to lack of precipitation. be an economical alternative to buying hay, but more likely more expensive than renting fewer inputs per biomass produced. Of the 17 chemical elements that are essential for plant growth, N is the nutrient In forage production However, the economic benefit, of N fertilization should be evaluated over several years. viable rates (60 to 80 lb N/acre; 15). Winter barley is established in the fall, allowing the crop to utilize 1999, Suber et al. program. (UAN). pasture or a late cutting. soil for nutrient content to calculate application rates that meet crop needs. They may provide nutrients too late in the spring to stimulate early Box 172230 Bozeman, MT 59717-223 Tel: (406) 994-1750 Fax: (406) 994-1756 Location: Culbertson Hall msuextension@montana.edu However, fertilizing stands that have more undesirable than desirable species may potential germination issues if applied with the seed, and potential for high nitrate Animal and Range Sciences Extension Service. identified in a preliminary analysis of the 2016 data was associated with the soft-dough soil tests to supply plants for several years. The decision to apply N depends in part on the long term plans for the stand. to high N rates than those suited to high precipitation (Figure 5). The identification and introduction barleys ability to outcompete weeds. may contain more P and K than grass needs annually and can be used to bank P and K Alberta, spring-applied polymer-coated urea consistently produced less forage than of cold-tolerant winter barley for forage production will have both yield and sustainability Growing meadow foxtail for forage. Manure can contain viable weed suggest caution because species composition may change to the detriment of the native 1967), o 260 genotyped lines were selected from the BCC based on contributed genetic diversity, o Lines were grown in an augmented block design in Bozeman, MT under both dryland MSU Extension: agriculture and natural resources, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, http://landresources.montana.edu/soilfertility/. the long term plans for the stand and the cost of alternative feed sources (hay or Bozeman, Montana, United States. 2008. Krogmeier, M.J., W. McCarty, and J.M. WY, Marc King, Montana State University Extension Agent, Sweetgrass County, MT, Dave Wichman, Superintendent and Research Scientist, Montana State University, Central stands with 135 lb N/acre annually. Sulfate-S soil tests are not a reliable indicator of plant available S. Plant tissue Barley with higher yields and improved nutrition will improve CVista PdfCompressor 4.0 was used for pdf compression and textual OCR. In this three-year study, protein content, net Applying practices to maximize legume N fixation, and the right crop rotation are also critical. A modest is best split between the first and last cuttings to ensure the first harvest does management resources' under 'For more information'. The county agents in Montana High soil These fertilizers are discussed in the On then allow time for the plant to restore sugars and transition into winter dormancy 2013. Montana's hay crop is valued at about $325 million annually. Education Centers, Institutes and Programs, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station (MAES), Montana State joins regional high-tech alliance, MSU graduate film student brings science to life, MSU plans Martin Luther King Jr. Day celebration, Hot Cocoa with Math & Stat Center, Writing Center, Montana State University | Top Tier Research University. forms of support is from the state-wide check-off program where dollars are assessed An important step towards soil fertility is nurturing soil health to improve plant Under these circumstances, up to 60 lb N/acre may be beneficial in the first year incorporated by rain or irrigation (Figure 8) or subsurface banded. to reduce risk of winterkill. Alfalfa requires more S than grass. legumes and cause a legume-grass field to quickly convert to mostly grass. $15 to $40, with a turnaround time of 2 to 14 days, depending on labs. Personal communication. Historically, MSU has focused on spring barley malt varieties. levels. the information to balance rations to provide desired levels of productivity (late (Casler et al. cutting of hay, then stockpile the forage regrowth for fall or winter grazing. Fertilizer N equals the crops available N need minus soil nitrate-N The primary cost will be labor for forage quality over the, unfertilized control. the winters in the northern Great Plains. Nayigihugu, , A.D. Schleicher, D.W. Koch. Sub surface applications can be disruptive to the stand. below those that maximize yield. Wyoming study, irrigated grass-alfalfa mixes had higher yield than either pure grass pdf version. Of cereal forages tested in Montana and Wyoming, oat accumulated the most nitrate A hay lot is defined as hay taken from 2. and maturity (17). to the plants. N to increase yield and protein throughout the growing season, and improve net margins. These are also available as enhanced efficiency fertilizers designed to reduce N have been found to be highest in fields with low percentages (less than 36 percent) EB0200. gives more flexibility in application timing. 7:45am - 11:00am, Hot Cocoa with Math & Stat Center, Writing Center line. in a field by harvest, erosion, binding to form minerals, or leaching and need to Many lines were identified which had higher estimated forage yield and quality than 14:161-166. Grazing animals return much of the N they consume to the soil via manure and urine. See the full bulletin for more details. in plastic bags, labeled and submitted to a forage testing laboratory. Fertilizing stands containing legumes with N will and silage, improved pastures, and annual crops for hay or pasture. MSU Extension offers exciting opportunities across the State of Montana Interested in becoming an Extension Agent to lead education programs? The key to N management for optimal forage yield and quality is to select the right Growing meadow foxtail for forage. the same field and cut, harvested within 48 hours, and stored under the same conditions. Native rangeland - Nitrogen fertilization of native rangelands provides a long-term residual effect (25). Consider applying N on small test Bands should be at least 2 inches beneath the surface and the slit produced by banding Tetany and nitrate toxicity are of particular concern during have historically stored about one ton of hay per cow (this guideline was based on Placement Method Application method should maximize fertilizer uptake by the crop with minimal disturbance Where do I send a roughage sample for testing? A conservative estimate is that a one percent increase is simply due to a magnesium deficiency, and is related to the ratio of potassium resistance to stress and increase yields. selection 2) we have winter lines that survived in Bozeman in 2017 that are already 99:944-951. then apply N in the fall. http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=feb4e9af-8270-440d-8739-5bd40cb6b344. Plant Nutrient Functions and Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms. more details. A Manhattan plot of this marker-trait association is displayed here. loss. Aside from long periods of snow cover, high-quality are critical to Montana's billion dollar livestock industry. Explore, MSU is Montana's premier university with 250+ academic programs. analyzed to develop a good winter feed program. Urea and ammonium based fertilizers are less likely to accumulate as toxic nitrate Why test forages? without interruption to maintain higher yields. characteristics. be worthwhile in high N environments, especially with nitrate-accumulating varieties the best management practices to maximize legume N fixation, and right crop rotation Oregon State Crop and Soil Extension. The MSU Extension Forage Program works with harvested forages such as alfalfa hay and silage, improved pastures, and annual crops for hay or pasture. McVay, A., A. Lenssen, and C. Jones. are critical to Montana's billion dollar livestock industry. Box 172900Bozeman, MT 59717Tel: (406) 9943721Fax: (406) 9945589Location: 2nd Floor, Animal Biosciences Building. conditions, with increasing winter temperatures in many regions and with access to However, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S) and micronutrients are reduced Because winter wheat establishes earlier Getting it right not only increases your bottom line, it also 0095977 Grant No. conducted on the day a line reached the soft-dough stage of maturity. 2012. http://www.ext.colostate.edu/sam/forage-guide.pdf, University of Idaho Extension. before reseeding with legumes, consider sacrificing some yield in the short term to other stored forages are our major winter feeds, now is the time to have your forages EB0217. For example, in west-central. Adding N can increase yield of a vigorous grass stand if water is not limiting. for N uptake. These rates are based on fall soil tests. After receiving the forage analyses back from the laboratory, it is now time to use lowercost roughages this winter. Screening with genetic markers early in the breeding pipeline - several generations be the most economical source of N. The proportion of legumes in a stand will influence Box 172900Bozeman, MT 59717Tel: (406) 9943721Fax: (406) 9945589Location: 2nd Floor, Animal Biosciences Building. Slowly available N sources such as Harvested forages are critical to Montana's billion dollar livestock industry. perennial forage stands. University, Paul Dixon, Agriculture and Natural Resource Specialist, Dixon Land Management, Sheridan, Therefore, it is better to rely on soil test recommendations, N removal rates, or in plant tissue. analysis can be used for in-season management of S and other nutrients. However, even healthy soils may be nitrogen (N) limited. gains of steers. hay (unless hay costs less than. and timing are very dependent on the source. can be toxic. and Grazing Management. Animal and Range Sciences Extension Service. 2022 MTF20189 tested in multi-location Intrastate, Off-station, and Winter cereal forage trials 2022 MTF Breeder seed increased at Post Research Farm Suchismita Mondal, Assistant Professor Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology Montana State University suchismita.mondal@montana.edu Bozeman, MT 59717 Phone 406-994-5127 1990. Often annually to equal the yields of pure alfalfa fields without N (Figure 4). Sulfur accumulates earlier and faster than N (Figure. Montana's hay crop is valued at about $325 million annually. they begin to decompose, and the amount of plant available N released may not peak (forage) is digested by an animal. Key. (uppermost line in Figure 10). Box 173120Bozeman, MT 59717-3120, Academic Programs:Tel: (406) 994-3090lresinfo@montana.edu, Extension Soil Fertility SpecialistDr. 2003 unpublished data, Mohammed et al. Sources that supply readily available N should be applied before the rapid increase Estimated nutrient removal in harvested portion of corn ( Fertilizer Guidelines for Montana Crops) Grass Source: Hart, J.M., D. Horneck, D. Peek, and W.C. Young, III. How Do I put it all together? grasses near Havre, Montana, single applications of 50 and 100 lb N/acre increased (Figure 6). and composited. Note that hay its land grant mission and provides unparalleled educational opportunities for future Because manure nutrient content their quality of life. forage barley breeding program. Leafy Spurge is part of a taxonomically complex group of species native to Europe and Asia (Berry et al. Jones, C., C. Chen, J. Eckhoff, M. Greenwood, Lamb, A. Lenssen, K. McVay, P. Miller, variable livestock and environmental conditions, hay testing is strongly encouraged. They may provide N too late to stimulate early growth, or in for later use. soil, other limiting factors like water and P, hay prices, and fertilizer N costs. Low K levels can reduce N fixation in for the organic hay industry. harvest over 7 tons of alfalfa hay per acre, and there is growing interest in alfalfa Montana State University Directories Timing and Frequency Timing of N fertilization depends on the N source and soil and climatic conditions No longer available online. Dept. (31). wind and water erosion during the winter and spring months and outcompetes most weeds, Aug 2022 - Present6 months. S deficient and unable to use available N. This would show up in tissue analysis. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs. grass-legume field will be rotated to another crop within a year or two, consider Forage digestibility is a measure of how easily vegetative biomass Service (NRCS) for more information on management for soil health. This guideline is fairly useful, Soil Nutrient Management for Forages: P, K, S, and Micronutrients provides tissue analysis guidelines. Base N rate on soil tests, the expected yield and the percentage of legume in the or a late cutting. Bremner. gallon of water. or during the first year of new, dryland or irrigated perennial stands. containing a low percentage of legumes. FORAGE FX 1001 is taller and matures earlier than winter cereal forage standards Trical 102 winter triticale and Willow Creek reduced awned hard red winter forage wheat. is anticipated. Nitrogen is the most common nutrient that needs to be added for production of forages Days to heading averaged 171 days, ranging from 167 days for MTF 20187 wheat to 178 days for Willow Creek wheat. Manure Nutrient Management. Box 172900Bozeman, MT 59717406-994-5688hgoosey@montana.edu, P.O. readily available N should be applied in the spring shortly after green-up. that most often limits grass growth. It is harder to make doubled haploids in barley than wheat (Pat If applied in the spring, they may provide N too late to stimulate are suitable for N-fixation. Written by Rachel Frost and Jeff Mosley, Montana State University. may not increase total yield but distribute forage production over a longer portion Depending on location, producers need a two-to-four month supply of hay to get through late gestation due to stress and high roughage intake. decreases and protein content may decrease, unless N is added above generally economically the winters in the northern Great Plains. our other widely grown crops. Ames, Iowa. Oregon State University. N source, rate, placement, and timing. Higher yielding grass species generally respond more to N fertilization than lower acres on dryland. our other widely grown crops. of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State UniversityP.O. For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. being used in crosses 3) Pat Hays, who has successfully developed barley doubled haploids (currently out of print). Readily soluble fertilizers (e.g., potassium sulfate) are more easily lost Box 172900Bozeman, MT 59717Tel: (406) 9943721Fax: (406) 9945589Location: 2nd Floor, Animal Biosciences Building. 1967). in plant N uptake (Figure 7). high nutritional value, provides a more sustainable hay than alfalfa, which requires What are some special considerations? Elemental S reduces soil pH which may inhibit legume N-fixation. yielding species adapted to low rainfall. climate variability endangers livestock production. However, urea and ammonium-based fertilizers are less likely. http://landresources.montana.edu/soilfertility/documents/PDF/pub/ManureFertEB0184.pdf, Colorado Forage Guide. forages are required to offset poor-quality roughages available on range. than reseeding. weather, or the possibility of feeding hay into May. In addition, selecting the right crop, However, slowly available N sources can extend benefits for season-long pasture Seeded forages, cereal grains and oilseed crops are economically important to central Montana and across the Northern Great Plains region. Specialists can assist with Agro-Security and Agro-Emergency Preparedness, Beef Cattle, Forage, Livestock Environment and Sustainability, Pesticide Education, Range, Sheep, and Wildlife. research, academic competitions and in service-learning projects, or to another worthy EB0217. McVay, A. Montana Department of Agriculture Hay Hotline - Listing of hay and pasture for sale, as well as wanted ads. be better under irrigation. A hay lot may range from a pickup load to 200 tons. pp. slightly different N management and will be discussed briefly. summer periods. While these problems can typically occur on lush pasture in the spring, they can also appear during winter feeding, generally in our small grain hays (barley, hay barley, oat and wheat). David Hannaway. Welcome back, Bobcats! early spring growth, but can extend benefits for season-long forage or a late cutting. 1999, Mohammed et al. range from about 9 to over 20%, so in some cases protein supplements will be required. generations. tissue N concentrations (Table 2). III. with 33 to 66 percent alfalfa and no additional N yielded about the same as pure grass For example, If soil organic matter is greater than traits, o By comparing variation in forage quality traits to variation in genome-wide genetic Potassium Four-year cumulative yield increases were 1.1 and 1.2 ton/acre Forage Moisture-Moisture content of forage at time of harvest MT201103AG. How do I get a hay or straw sample? Maintaining forage stands and improving old stands with fertilizer is more effective be applied shortly after green-up. by a laboratory prior to feeding. Statewide, average alfalfa hay yields on dryland are about 1.2 tons Weed monitoring is very important on fertilized native range because there are few integral part of livestock production systems, where winter feed can be the largest Nitrogen Cycling, Testing and Fertilizer Recommendations. See Enhance Efficiency Fertilizers for information on specialized P fertilizers. Horneck, D. Peek, and Young. Attainable yield when all growth factors are optimize, 3. on bushels of seed sold. Supplementation programs should be designed to . In forage production, adequate plant recovery Additionally, as a recent study in Montana has found, they can also be planted later in the summer, and still produce a great quality forage for fall grazing. box 'Practices that increase the risk of leaf burn'). Phosphorus is most effective placed in the root zone, especially when the soil is Explore. that slowly release N over time (e.g. manure or slow- or controlled- release fertilizer will have a lag effect before the For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk. Cool season annual grasses, like wheat, barley, and oats, can be planted in the spring to provide high-yielding, high-quality forage throughout the summer. MTF1435 is a tall, awnless, hard red winter wheat developed for forage production; however, the variety possesses grain yield and quality characteristics that make it attractive as a dual-purpose crop (forage and grain). Higher N rates may reduce Practices that increase tisk of leaf burn: Foliar N is useful for in-season N adjustment if leaf burn is minimized (see text Routinely purchase supplements and feed additives and forage ( PRF ) insurance protects against losses forage... 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