Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, You can also search for this author in It can be annoying. Your shoes may fill up with volcanic material and as a fun fact, I can add that nobody would have a wooden floor in the Westman Islands years after the eruption. For example, peoples decision to comply with evacuation orders may be influenced by their ability to perform the required action, the availability of information about the threat, trust in the source of that information and feelings of responsibility to undertake the prescribed action (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Drabek, 1999, Haynes et al., 2008, Mileti et al., 2004, Strahan et al., 2018). Lava or Volcanic Bombs . Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication. Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. 8). Combining various elements from these (e.g., Emergent Norm Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, Behavioural Decision Theory, Classical Persuasion Model, Attitude-Behaviour Theory), Lindell and Perry (2004) produced an integrated model entitled the Protective Action Decision Model (PADMsee Lindell and Perry (2004) for a description of each of these theories and models and how they relate to the PADM). Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. Yeah! [stated in a very blas tone] (A-E). An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. We got away relatively well from ash fall and the jkulhlaup went only over grazing land and not cultivated land. This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Other factors noted by respondents were past experiences relating to the full-scale evacuation exercise practiced in 2006 for a Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009b) and the ongoing meetings right up until the flank eruption began. We certainly sympathised with our nearest neighbours from Austur-Eyjafjll. But an eruption does not worry us. Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. Clearing ash off the roads and streets; . Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. Total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors (Statistics Iceland, 2017c). Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. The. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. And I have the same feeling about Katla (A-E). J Volcanol Geotherm Res 189:3348, Article People can lose their possessions as . A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 27:307316, Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history. Internet Explorer). Hazard management of the Iceland eruption For me this was at the same time frightening and magnificent. This is the ninth video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the ninth video of the Cha. Bass101568. There is no doubt that many tourists want to see an eruption, as was the case with Hawaiis Kilauea eruption in 2018 (Walker, 2018), and may try to persuade their guides to deliver. Sustained long-term efforts are needed to minimize the loss of lives from future eruptions. The concentration charts were adopted by air traffic management and airlines with the expectation that zones of low density ash could be transited with no or minimal risk of immediate aircraft damage providing a regime of enhanced risk assessment by airlines, including more frequent aircraft inspections, was adopted. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. I would like to see more emphasis on this, like volcanic activity, geothermal, everything geography in Iceland because were having the tourists now [But] we have our children who are not finding out about those things. These eruptions, however, did not occur without warning. New residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people who experienced the event. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. Bull Volcanol 73:12091227, Bird DK, Jhannesdttir G, Reynisson V, Karlsdttir S, Gudmundsson MT, Gsladttir G (2018) Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull Eruption. Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. The former outbreak in Eyjafjallajkull in 2010 was a small effusive basalt eruption starting on March 20th when a 400 m long fissure opened on the northeastern flank of the volcano called Fimmvruhls that lies between the ice caps of Eyjafjallajkull and Mrdalsjkull glaciers at 800 m above sea level. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. Ash advisories derived from dispersion-model output were issued by the London VAAC, depicting the presence of ash over large parts of Europe and the North Atlantic. Temperatures dropped by 0.5C. What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? Furthermore, earlier response plans were centred on a Katla eruption rather than a response to an Eyjafjallajkull eruption. Spring-Verlag, New York, Book The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances within the data that relate to the aims of this paper. I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). Iceland is home to multiple volcanoes and so is used to dealing with eruptions. IOM is providing transport for the government, international and local NGOs to distribute non-food relief items for some 290,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Merapi in Central Java. Extreme Peril - 2010 Mt- St- Helen's Eruption was released on: USA: 11 March 2010 When did the volcano eruption happen in montserrat? People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. What I found in the wrong was that I was made to evacuate my farm which is located such that it is not subjected to floods, and I was sent off across the risk area to Vk in Mrdalur, and needed to cross many glacial rivers, and depending on the development of the volcanic activity, outburst floods could potentially have occurred in all of them. This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). While the sample size may seem small, it is a reflection of this sparsely populated rural area (as evidenced by the number of inhabitants given in Fig. Worst volcanic eruption in Japan for 90 years. The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). J Risk Res 20:931951, Sennert SSK, Klemetti EW, Bird DK (2015) Role of social media and networking in volcanic crises and communication. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. Sci. That would scare us much more. With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. Hence, memories of a significant experience, e.g., that relating to the Eyjafjallajkull eruption, may influence peoples response to a future event, e.g., a catastrophic Katla eruption. The former two incorporate the qualitative results mixed with verbatim quotes from the 2010 and 2016 interviews and open responses given in the 2010 questionnaire. Icelandic Meteorological Office; Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland; The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Reykjavik. However, while it may enhance some aspects of vulnerability, it may also bring about new opportunities for developing new and exciting methods for generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders among new and old residents. These targeted, face-to-face meetings also provided the opportunity to explore regional economic, demographic and political changes. The flooding that threatened a whole area was terrifying and moved us deeply But this was fantastic and magnificent I would not have liked to miss this experience (S). It is rare to find such a detailed study that spans the before and aftera perspective that is often unattainable due to the nature of natural hazard events. Palgrave Commun 4, 151 (2018). So they were surprised when it turned out to be like a medium Katla. I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. From a societal viewpoint, the results highlight the need for local authorities to continually engage the local population in risk mitigation strategies and procedures. As volcanic ash fallout is predicted to reach ground level following the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland, scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology have responded rapidly to increase sampling rates of air quality, soils and vegetation at its long-term monitoring sites across the UK. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. Coupled with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders. About them coming with the sirens [makes siren sounds] and taking me I dont mind the eruption but please dont send the police! (7 marks) Describe what can be done to limit the risk posed by volcanic eruptions to people and property in a named location. As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. Natural Hazards Informer, Boulder, Issue 2, Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. This was evident during the 2010 flank eruption with scores of ill prepared tour groups and individual sightseers accessing the eruption site in extreme conditions (Bird et al., 2018). Between March and June 2010 a series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe . The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. Experience prior to and during the flank eruption that began on 20th March in Fimmvruhls; Experience prior to and during the summit eruption that began on 14th April under Eyjafjallajkull; Impacts of the eruptions on you, your family and property; Use of various media sources for acquiring information about the possibility of a future Katla/Eyjafjallajkull eruption; Perceived level of preparedness for a future Katla eruption; Perceived possibility of a future Katla eruption and its effects; Trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption. Evacuation plans, based on a 2005 hazard assessment (see Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), were finalised during this period (Bird et al., 2011). This loss was most keenly felt in the male age group 017 years (loss of 0.72). Nevertheless, as Brint (2001; p. 9) highlights, a sense of security in the face of disliked others is deeply characteristic of communal relations. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. -Icelandic red cross- 60 volunteers provided food for the farming population. People living within a 20 km zone . Unfortunately this lesson is no longer available. The volcano affected global air travel, and shook the economies of almost every European nation. Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. Tierney KJ, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2001) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . The open and transparent communication from police, and ensuing trust that developed between them and residents, as described in the previous sections, supports the data observed in Fig. The police overcame this issue during the 2010 evacuations by allowing farmers to re-enter the hazard zones to tend their livestock. I said [at the pre-eruption meetings] that you have some safe areas but they are also isolated. 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. ADS The kids they can learn everything. Following a year of increased seismicity, Mauna Loa began erupting at 1:25 am on March 25, 1984. With the rapidly increasing number of tourists in the region, the police/DCPEM may need to consider further non-compliance, particularly among tour operators and tourist accommodation managers/staff due to their duty of care to their patrons. The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. 2). This district is now about 31,000km2. As discussed elsewhere (e.g., Mileti and Sorensen, 1990), friends, family and neighbours were invaluable in communicating official warnings. Google Scholar, Mileti DS, Sorensen JH (1990) Communication of emergency public warnings: a social science perspective and state-of-the-art assessment. Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. The intense ash-producing eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano in 2010 was the result of an explosive interaction between hot magma and cold glacial melt water. It May Be About to Erupt - Newstimepaper, This week 17,000 earthquakes struck southwestern Iceland. However, the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano had particularly damaging impacts to the economy and worldwide aviation. Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. Google Scholar, Drabek TE (1999) Understanding disaster warning responses. These trigger a series of pre-decisional processes that stimulate the receiver to consider their perception of the threat, alternative options for protective action and their perceptions of the relevant stakeholders involved (Lindell and Perry, 2012). They were moved to a certain place but they didnt get the necessary information about why and how (O). Palgrave Communications People who lack their own personal experience (i.e., new residents, tourists) might be influenced by vivid accounts from other members of the public more so than from volcanologists communicating geophysical probabilistic data (Lindell and Perry, 2004). Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. These kin, friend and community networks not only provide an added element of warning dissemination, but also provide an additional source with whom warning-recipients can verify the legitimacy of information (Lindell and Perry, 2004). Key criteria. The data presented here clearly shows that the success of the 2010 evacuations, which were a risk mitigation intervention, is no differentfrom the integrated approach employed during the 2005 hazard assessment (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), the 2006 evacuation exercise (Bird et al., 2009b), the 2010 meetings and throughout the 2010 response (Bird et al., 2018), to the South regions communities where neighbours interact relatively frequently due to their beliefs, values and activities. More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Namely, it appears that residents believe they, their families and the DCPEM are better prepared for a Katla eruption based on the Eyjafjallajkull experience (Fig. Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). On 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000. Long term responses of the Iceland eruption The EU now has an integrated structure for air traffic management. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted. The years of 2000, 2008 and 2016 were selected as equal time periods of available data from the most recent year (i.e., 2016, as accessed in 2017). The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. Population data for this period is available by municipality. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. Local police also personally contacted people in the area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. The last composite volcano eruption occurred on March 20, 2010. That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. This creates many jobs for people in the tourism industry. a near-term response (Arsenal Match Highlights Today, Minnesota . To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. Routledge, New York, Wood MM, Mileti DS, Kano M, Kelley MM, Regan R, Bourque LB (2012) Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards. 23.11.2017Version 1.0. http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english. In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. Icelandic Meteorlogical Office, Reykjavk, Sjberg L (2000) Factors in risk perception. The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. But foremost you felt powerlessness, tranquillity, and respect towards nature (V-E). Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. Most respondents were aged 50+ years and were farmers (Table 1). Match. An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) Overall, these eruptions have prompted the aviation industry, regulators, and scientists to work more closely together to improve the manner in which hazardous airspace is defined, forecast, and communicated. Evacuation went better because of the experience from previous eruption (V-E). I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. Each quote is coded as one of the following: V-E for Vestur-Eyjafjll resident, A-E for Austur-Eyjafjll resident, S for Slheimar resident, for lftaver resident, RT for rescue team member and O for official. On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. I would be anxious. 6.5 km (4 mi) Iceland: 6.6 Km ESE of Brarbunga. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. Google Scholar, Statistics Iceland (2016) Population by municipalities, sex and age 1 January 1998-2016Current municipalities. All respondents were impacted by ash fall, just over a quarter (26%) were impacted by lahars and 20% were impacted by jkulhlaup. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. The eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland on 20 March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world. In a simple comparison of populations (urban and rural residents of South Iceland), Bird et al., (2011) identified different perceptions and beliefs, and therefore different needs with respect to risk mitigation. Officials had, however, explained the need for a broad evacuation order even for areas that are safe from jkulhlaup hazards. How many people are stranded after the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull. Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. Significantly, this paper links together longitudinal research that spans more than a decade capturing an at-risk populations perspectives of: inherited knowledge, hazard assessments, risk mitigation strategies including a fullscale evacuation exercise; to their response during and perspectives of a volcanic crisis. CAS Risk Anal 20:112, Sorensen JH, Sorensen BV (2007) Community processes: warning and evacuation. The eruption has prompted further research into air craft design. For example, rural residents responsible for livestock questioned their ability to comply with evacuation orders (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011). -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. Risk Anal 32:601615. The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. long term responses. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. They registered in and out of the area. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sigfsdttir ID, Thorlindsson T, Kristjnsson L, Roe KM, Allegrante JP (2009) Substance use prevention for adolescents: the Icelandic Model. We never went, we behaved as we always planned to do, we just stayed at home and everything was ok (V-E). Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. Other aspects of the 2010 survey have been published elsewhere (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012, Bird and Gsladttir, 2014, Bird et al., 2018). Volcanoes - Iceland 2010 (HIC) and DRC 2002 (LIC) Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses Hurricane Katrina 2005 or Typhoon Haiyan 2013 An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Cumbria Floods 2015 Section B - The living world An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem Pond The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. . (A-E). The day after the eruption we felt the ash come over here and it was completely dark. However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. Authorities now have the ability to push emergency notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers (pers. The Even where compliance did not occur, residents showed respect for authority and the jobs they were undertaking, despite the errors and confusion. Effects and long and short term responses of Volcanoes by . Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). (background, The 2016 interviews and the preparation of this paper were supported by the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Resilience and Societal SecurityNORDRESS, which is funded by the Nordic Societal Security Programme. Aggregated livelihood data is therefore presented for outside the capital region from 19912016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. In comparison, specific migration details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data at a regional level. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . Given the South attracts the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016), it is safe to assume that the changes in livelihood are a reflection of changes in the South. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. The 2010 eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland struck fear into the hearts of air - . Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. If it caused a flood in the rivers then we would of had only 1h to escape. There is no doubt that as the worlds population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. Contributions from the Ash Fall Impacts Working Group, Katharine Haynes, Carolina Garcia Londoo and Gurn Ptursdttir are appreciated in relation to the development of the questionnaire. This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. Europe experienced air travel chaos for almost one month as much of the continent ground to a standstill. Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. It was very good (O). The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. It would have therefore been more logical to practice it under the new police jurisdiction once it had been created (RT). Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. Even if we already know that we are safe herewe are higher up so we are actually in no danger from the flood. This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. An intense seismic crisis started at Brdarbunga volcano on 16 August 2014 and led to several short-lived smaller subaerial and subglacial eruptions, before stabilizing in an ongoing (22 Sep) fissure eruption that started 31 Aug at Holuhraun plain north of the glacier. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! Despite this, the results presented here show not all residents evacuated in 2010 (~47% of our respondents). http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. A few months following the eruptions, we conducted a survey to investigate how impacted residents responded to and coped with the events. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). Environmental cues, observed and communicated by farmers in Fljtshl as a fire on top of the mountain, were the first notification that alerted officials and monitoring scientists that an eruption had commenced on 20 March 2010. However, they have grave concerns for the safety of the ever-increasing number of tourists visiting the South region. And it was on a Saturday night and we had a phone call from our youngest son he called and said hey, theres an eruption. One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. It is therefore not surprising that half the respondents reported hearing about the eruption via a family member, friend or neighbour. In addition to these systems, recent unrest in rfajkull has called for the development of further emergency response plans in South Iceland (Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn, 2017, Hskuldsson, 2015). Up to that point, very few people outside of Iceland or the volcanological community had heard of Eyjafjallajkull, but this volcano has arguably had a greater global impact than any in Iceland since the huge Laki eruption of 1783, which resulted in short-term climate impacts in the Northern Hemisphere . 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. Immediate responses Long term responses Manila airport closed 200000 people relocated Red Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets . The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were comprehensive, taking 3045min and up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively. J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). Overall, the 58 households that took part in the survey included approximately 141 adults and 38 children (an approximate is given as some respondents noted that household membership varied with children attending school outside the region). But I would not be afraid. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. 6.8 km. Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564. Bass101568. The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. So called 'low' ash concentrations were deemed to be defined as <2-4 mg/m3. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. 0.0 / 5. However, experience of an event, either direct or vicarious, can lead people to expect similar impacts from future events. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6. 7. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). Households in Austur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Report to ICAO-June 2012. Global cooling caused by the ash. Lahars caused severe erosion to rivers. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. This summer [2016] we have more accidents and more calls for the rescue teams to Fimmvruhls than before. Also in response to Eyjafjallajkull's impact on air travel, ICAO formed the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) in May 2010, charging it to examine how best to define hazardous airspace and manage aviation risk. 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