England and Germany to the belly, the one in liquor, the other in meat; France a little beneath the belly; Italy to vanity and pleasures devised; and let an English belly have a further advancement, and nothing can stay it." Spain, along with France, were the two major powers in Europe. Catherine moved to Richmond Palace but complained to her father about her poverty and her inability to pay her servants, and her demeaning dependence on Henry's charity. A year later, the false report of the death in the Tower of another young Yorkist, Edward, earl of Warwick, changed the impersonation. (5) Henry's archers decimated the rebel army. By 13th June, 1496, the Cornishmen, said to number 15,000, were at Guildford. (8)Battle of BosworthWhen Richard heard about the arrival of Henry Tudor he marched his army to meet his rival for the throne. In August 1485, Henry arrived in Wales with 2,000 of his supporters. When he captured Lambert Simnel, the young tradesman's son who led the first revolt against him and was crowned King of England in Dublin, he did not put him to death, but employed him as a servant in his household." Catherine was also encouraged to learn French as very few people in the English court spoke Spanish or Latin. Roderigo de Puebla told Ferdinand: "There is no finer youth in the world than the Prince of Wales". But the next pretender, a thorn in Henrys side for much of the next decade, was a far more serious opponent. was born probably in Oxford, the son of Thomas Simnel, a carpenter, organ maker, or cobbler. The American Nation : Primary Sources. "Come then," says the king, "tell me where you are to be in the Christmas holidays that are now coming." He later recalled he "conducted him clad in his night gown unto the Princess's bedchamber door often and sundry times." While in Wales, Henry also persuaded many skillful longbowmen to join him in his fight against Richard. Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? Anxious reports might pass between ambassadors on physical development; royal parents might take advice on their offsprings' readiness for the ordeal. Simnel, Lambert smnl , c.1475-1525, imposter and pretender to the English throne. (20), It is believed that John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of the Yorkist kings, was the leader of the conspiracy. [5] This did not prevent the rebellion, likely because insufficient infrastructure and methods of transport meant news spread slowly. History Learning Site Copyright 2000 - 2023. Henry VII: A Wise or Wicked Ruler? Symonds was kept in prison, but Henry VII displayed only sardonic contempt for Simnel, whom he recognized to have been a harmless dupe. 1476/7, d. after 1534)", Oxford DNB Online, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Simnel&oldid=1131951831, This page was last edited on 6 January 2023, at 15:21. He was prepared to spend huge sums to impress the world. (Answer Commentary), Catherine Parr and Women's Rights (Answer Commentary), Women, Politics and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (Answer Commentary), Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Thomas Mntzer (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Hitler's Anti-Semitism (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and the Reformation (Answer Commentary), Mary Tudor and Heretics (Answer Commentary), Joan Bocher - Anabaptist (Answer Commentary), Anne Askew Burnt at the Stake (Answer Commentary), Elizabeth Barton and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Execution of Margaret Cheyney (Answer Commentary), Dissolution of the Monasteries (Answer Commentary), Poverty in Tudor England (Answer Commentary), Why did Queen Elizabeth not get married? Henry arrived the next day and took up a position facing Richard. This is partly due to sheer chance and partly to the king's habit of never giving himself away. Nothing is known of his upbringing." (1) John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln, formerly the designated successor of his uncle the late King Richard III, joined the conspiracy against Henry VII. He had grown to manhood in an environment of treachery and intrigue, and as a result never knew security." Lord Stanley's reply was short: "Sire, I have other sons." Her knowledge of English was still imperfect in 1505, which upset both Ferdinand of Aragon and Henry VII, who reduced her allowance. These plans came to an end when Herbert was executed after the Battle of Edgecote Moor on 26th July 1469. Little is known of his early life, but before 1486 he caught the attention of an Oxford priest, Richard Simon or Symonds, who trained him to impersonate Richard, duke of York, younger son of Edward IV, who is now thought to have died, or been murdered . SIMNEL, LAMBERT (fl. According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel. With this protection, Simnel was crowned as King Edward VI. Her party included the Count and Countess de Cabra, a chamberlain, Juan de Diero, Catherine's chaplain, Alessandro Geraldini, three bishops and a host of ladies, gentlemen and servants. Perkin Warbeck claimed himself as the direct heir of King Edward IV. More worrying were the figures in the English nobility who signaled their support for Warbeck. At Dublin on 24 May, led by Gerald Fitzgerald, earl of Kildare, the lord deputy recently confirmed in office by Henry, they crowned him as Edward VI. On 3rd September he entered the capital in triumph. The Earl of Lincoln proclaimed Simnel as the rightful successor of King Richard III, with a better claim than Henry. It was not until 27th September, that the winds died down and Catherine was able to leave Laredo on the Castilian coast. He has written for 8 years in a variety of fields including history, health and politics. The mask he wore was to some extent deliberately inhuman. She made no secret of her opposition to the usurping Tudors. Richard refused, claiming that he could still obtain victory by killing Henry Tudor in personal combat. 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? The battle of Stoke, in . (12), Henry VII was crowned on the battlefield with Richard's crown. Bacon commented: "The less blood he drew, the more he took of treasure." He also brought with him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons. England 1547 1603: the Later Tudors (A/2) Spartacus Educational. On 5 June 1487, Simnel's armymainly Flemish and Irish troopslanded on Piel Island in the Furness area of Lancashire and were joined by some English supporters. Some of its leaders were hanged, drawn and quartered. Margaret Beaufort began plotting with various other opponents of Richard, to place her son on the throne. Catherine moved to Richmond Palace but complained to her father about her poverty and her inability to pay her servants, and her demeaning dependence on Henry's charity. The Scotch-Irish in America tells the story of how the hardy breed of men and women, who in America came to be known as the Scotch-Irish, was forged in the north of Ireland during the seventeenth century. (28), Henry VII sent a force of archers and cavalry round the back of the rebels. In 1487 King Ferdinand agreed to send ambassadors to England to discuss political and economic relations. He later recalled he "conducted him clad in his night gown unto the Princess's bedchamber door often and sundry times." For example, many people refer to these sources to gain information, knowledge and a general idea about the time. (49) Elizabeth of York told Henry that she was still young enough to have more children. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. (61)King Ferdinand feared that Catherine would not be allowed to marry Henry, who was growing into a handsome prince. (53) Jasper Ridley has pointed out that Empson and Dudley were the chief instruments of the king's financial policy: "They seem to have been almost universally hated throughout England. As Puebla explained to Henry: "Bearing in mind what happens every day to the kings of England, it is surprising that Ferdinand and Isabella should dare think of giving their daughter at all." The battle of Stoke was a sharp and brutal encounter." Whether out of fond memory of the Irish administration of Richard, duke of York, resentment at Henry's restoration of the Butler earls of Ormond, or sheer opportunism, most of the Irish political community had recognized Simnel as king. Henry's army, probably twice the size of Pole's, headed north from London. Catherine arrival was delayed until Prince Arthur was able to consummating the marriage. ), impostor and claimant to the English crown, the son of an Oxford joiner, who was a pawn in the conspiracies to restore the Yorkist line after the victory of Henry VII (1485). After he was seen wearing silk clothes, some Cork citizens honored him as a member of the Royal House of York. Lincoln went to Burgundy, where Margaret of York, the aunt of the real Earl of Warwick, was staying. In the 2017 Starz miniseries The White Princess, Simnel is portrayed by Max True. His origins are obscure, even in official accounts; his mother is unknown and he may have been illegitimate. But the English do not like their kings to be too clever. The following year he became entangled in another plot. These are admirable and invaluable qualities for a political leader in troubled times." His other progeny included the classic winners Court Martial, Festoon, and Palestine. (54) Christopher Morris, the author of The Tudors (1955) has suggested that Dudley was the king's most "unpopular and unscrupulous minister". For example, Henry VII's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was only thirteen when she had him and never had any other children in the course of four marriages. The rebellion was crushed in 1487. Both sons and daughters were pieces to be moved in the diplomatic game, which usually began while they were still in their cradles. When he defeated and captured a second and far more dangerous pretender, Perkin Warbeck, he spared his life, and it was only after Warbeck had twice tried to escape that he was executed. It is estimated that Henry VII had three million subjects. The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." (31) Perkin Warbeck was hanged at Tyburn on 23rd November 1499. (Answer Commentary), Catherine Parr and Women's Rights (Answer Commentary), Women, Politics and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Thomas Mntzer (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Hitler's Anti-Semitism (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and the Reformation (Answer Commentary), Mary Tudor and Heretics (Answer Commentary), Joan Bocher - Anabaptist (Answer Commentary), Anne Askew Burnt at the Stake (Answer Commentary), Elizabeth Barton and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Execution of Margaret Cheyney (Answer Commentary), Dissolution of the Monasteries (Answer Commentary), Why did Queen Elizabeth not get married? (43)The couple spent the first month of their marriage at Tickenhill Manor. Henry VII constantly feared an invasion from his powerful neighbour. Lambert Simnel (circa 1477 - circa 1534) was a child pretender to the throne of England.Together with Perkin Warbeck, he was one of two impostors who threatened the rule of Henry VII of England (reigned 1485 - 1509) during the last decade of the 15th century.. Lambert Simnel was born in about 1477.Different sources have different claims of his parentage from a baker and tradesman to organ . His personal fortune of 1.5 million illustrated the success of his foreign policy and the commercial prosperity that England enjoyed under his rule. He was baptized on 24th September in Winchester Cathedral and named after the famous British hero whose fabulous exploits fill the pages of Geoffrey of Monmouth. As he was 46 years-old and in poor health, this idea was rejected and on 23rd June 1503, he signed a new treaty betrothing Catherine to Henry, his only surviving son, then aged twelve. Simnel Rebellion 1932 Election 1988 Presidential Election American Photography Anaconda Plan Anti-Immigration Policies Anti-Imperialist League Anti-War Movement Antietam Art Deco Architecture Assassination of JFK Bacon's Rebellion Baltimore Riot 1861 Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Gettysburg Battle of Little Bighorn Battle of Shiloh Richards faction, the Yorkists, remained undefeated in spirit and were plotting Henrys overthrow. In i486, the year following the accession of Henry VII., rumours were disseminated by the adherents of the Yorkist dynasty that the two . Vaughan was captured and executed and the two men escaped to Tenby and took a ship, heading for France but landing in Brittany late in the month after a stormy voyage. (Answer Commentary). [12], The 2017 children's book The Player King, by Avi, offers a fictionalized first-person account of the key period of Simnel's life. According to James A. Williamson, Simnel was merely a figurehead for a rebellion that was already being planned by the Yorkists: He was merely a commonplace tool to be used for important ends, and the attempt to overthrow Henry VII would have taken place had Simnel never existed. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A Dictionary of British History , Subjects: During his reign Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley became the king's most trusted ministers. Nearly every summer they were hit by epidemics of the Plague or Sweating Sickness which killed many of the population and improved the standard of living of the survivors, as the shortage of tenants and agricultural labourers kept rents low and wages high. These are admirable and invaluable qualities for a political leader in troubled times." PRINTED FROM OXFORD REFERENCE (www.oxfordreference.com). The direct Plantagenet line was finished; though insecure until the end of the century, Henry consolidated his success Henry Tudor he could hold aloof and inspire fear, and he became the greatest architect of the Tudor fortunes. Warbeck returned to Ireland and attempted to besiege Waterford, an Irish city loyal to Henry. [2] However, when he heard rumours (at the time false) that the Earl of Warwick had died during his imprisonment in the Tower of London, he changed his mind. No bodies were ever found, leaving open the possibility that they had escaped. Soon after, Simnel's party conducted him to England, where they were joined by a few desperate men of the Yorkist party. Congress, Civic Participation, and Primary Sources Projects. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. The king gravely asked him whether any future events could be foretold by the stars; "Yes, Sir." Lambert Simnel, a boy of ten, was used by others to reassert the House of Yorks claim to the throne. The four armies now made up the four sides of a square.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_8',136,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_9',136,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0_1');.banner-1-multi-136{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}, Without the support of the Stanley brothers, Richard looked certain to be defeated. Sections. Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell, Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking, Hans Holbein's Art and Religious Propaganda. Lambert Simnel Perkin Warbeck Prince Arthur & Catherine of Aragon Richard Empson & Edmund Dudley Catherine of Aragon Primary Sources Student Activities References Henry Tudor, the second son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond and Margaret Beaufort, was born in Pembroke Castle on 28th January 1457. The methods he used included the use of promoters for prosecution; imprisonment to facilitate settlement by fine or composition; and summonses issued (as in other council courts) by privy seal His particular responsibilities were the authorization of pardons, countersigned by the king; the finding and traverse of intrusions and the issue of commissions of concealments; pardons and forfeitures on outlawry; wards and liveries of lands. It considers the political instability and the miasma of intrigue associated with the reign of Richard III and the first years of Henry VII. Various sources claim different parentage, but it is definite that he had a humble origin. Margaret was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt. (27)Henry VII decided he would need to impose a new tax to pay the cost of raising an army. Instead, Lord Stanley went to the north of the battlefield and Sir William to the south. Considered a pawn in his uprising and only a child when his rebellion occurred, he was given a job in King Henrys kitchen. The Earl of Lincoln was killed during the battle and Lambert Simnel was captured. King Richard, after receiving many mortal wounds/ died a fearless and most courageous death, fighting on the battlefield, not in flight. (46)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_19',702,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');Antonia Fraser, the author of The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1992) has argued that she believes the marriage was unconsummated. The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." Henry would have been concerned by her size. The Irish in America by John F. Maguire provides a substantial and invaluable account of the extreme difficulties faced by pioneer Irish immigrants in North America during the 19th Century. A daughter, particularly, might undergo half a dozen betrothals in the interests of shifting policies before her destiny eventually caught up with her." The link was not copied. He sailed to Ireland with over 1,500 German mercenaries. Apps and interactive web activities help young people learn about civic engagement through Library of Congress primary sources. Simnel, according to one account, was incarcerated in the Tower of London; according to another, Henry employed him as a turnspit in the royal kitchen, and afterwards made him master of the falcons. He was also described as having an "unhealthy" skin colour. They were quickly rounded up by the Sheriff of Kent and so Warbeck decided to return to Ireland. On Whit-Sunday, the 24th May, Simnel was solemnly anointed and crowned King of England, under the name of Edward VI., in Christ Church, Dublin, in presence of the chief dignitaries of the Pale, who renounced their allegiance to Henry VII., and swore fealty to him. Classroom lessons activities with primary sources and student questions and answers. Richard Symonds was arrested and sentenced to life in a bishops prison. (51)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-leader-3','ezslot_17',703,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-leader-3-0');Richard Empson & Edmund DudleyChristopher Morris, the author of The Tudors (1955) has argued: "Henry VII was an extremely clever man, possibly the cleverest man who ever sat on the English throne. Henry's genius was mainly a genius for cautious manoeuvre, for exact timing, for delicate negotiation, for weighing up an opponent or a subordinate, and not least, a genius for organisation. Francis II, Duke of Brittany, offered them asylum but under Edward's diplomatic pressure, this turned into house arrest in a succession of castles and palaces. Henrys army met the first invasion force in 1495, crushing the attack before Warbeck had even made it to dry land. The only part of France still held by the English was the Marches of Calais, a strip of territory around the town of Calais. The author returned to Ireland in 184749 to help with famine relief and recorded those experiences in the rather harrowing:Annals of the Famine in Ireland. The only part of France still held by the English was the Marches of Calais, a strip of territory around the town of Calais. Alison Weir has argued that Arthur was suffering from consumption: "There was concern about the Prince's delicate health. (38)Catherine left the port of Corunna on 20th July 1501. He quickly recruited 8,000 Cornishmen but they were unsuccessful in taking Exeter. Many Irish lords and their followers fell at Stoke. Charles VIII of France welcomed him, and although Henry was quick to block French involvement through the Treaty of Etaples, the support of the French king sent a powerful signal. Regional and National History, View all reference entries Henry had an unexpected trump card in his hand with which to defeat Simnel. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. says the king, "I am a better astrologer than you. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006. By 13th June, 1496, the Cornishmen, said to number 15,000, were at Guildford. On 13th January 1496 James arranged for him to marry him to Lady Katherine Gordon, a distant royal relative. When Henry VII heard what was happening he began to plan an invasion of Scotland. With this protection, Simnel was crowned as King Edward VI. (15)Spartacus E-Books (Price 0.99 / $1.50)Mary TudorHenry VIIIHenry VIIAnne BoleynHenry VII inherited a kingdom that was smaller than it had been for over 400 years. (24)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_11',550,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');Perkin WarbeckWhile visiting Cork in December 1491 Perkin Warbeck was persuaded to impersonate Richard, Duke of York, second son of Edward IV, who had disappeared eight years earlier together with his elder brother, Edward. Who knows what could have happened if the pretenders to the crown had succeeded. Richard sent an order to Lord Thomas Stanley and Sir William Stanley, two of the most powerful men in England, to bring their 6,000 soldiers to fight for the king. Lord Stanley's reply was short: "Sire, I have other sons." Available at:https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor-england/the-lambert-simnel-rebellion/, Perkin Warbeck. Hans Holbein and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves (Answer Commentary), Was Queen Catherine Howard guilty of treason? Henry's army, probably twice the size of Pole's, headed north from London. She sent a force of 2000 German soldiers/mercenaries to Ireland commanded by Martin Schwarz a talented military leader. A young Oxford priest, Richard Symonds, seeing in the handsome boy some alleged resemblance to Edward IV, determined to exploit him. (5). The siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated." He was an only child and he had learnt very early to keep his own counsel and to trust no confidant. (3), It is believed that John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of the Yorkist kings, was the leader of the conspiracy. In 1483 Edward IV died prematurely, of gluttony and lechery, and his young sons, Edward and Richard, were usurped by their uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. They were accused of acting illegally when they extorted large sums of money from wealthy landowners under the recognisance system, and of not only obtaining this money for the King, but of enriching themselves in the process." if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_18',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_19',116,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1'); .large-mobile-banner-1-multi-116{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. Her party included the Count and Countess de Cabra, a chamberlain, Juan de Diero, Catherine's chaplain, Alessandro Geraldini, three bishops and a host of ladies, gentlemen and servants. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Corrections? (18)In February 1487 Lambert Simnel appeared in Dublin and claimed to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son and heir of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV, and the last surviving male of the House of York. He argued that once the pretender to the throne was dead, his army would have no reason to go on fighting. He was a competent soldier, but always chose peace instead of war as being so much cheaper and so much safer. (20)It is believed that John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of the Yorkist kings, was the leader of the conspiracy. A lack of English support led Simnel's army to change their plans, deciding their only chance of success was one swift and decisive battle. The expedition was funded by the French and most of the troops were French mercenaries. He died some time after 1534. It was also agreed that the marriage would take place as soon as Henry completed his fifteenth year. While on paper the challenge seemed absurd, it was one that Henry VII had to deal with especially when the Earl of Lincoln rallied to the cause and fled via Flanders to Ireland also in May 1487. A Study in Catholic Propaganda. For the racehorse, see. Henry would have been concerned by her size. On the death of Edward IV in 1483, his young sons, Edward and Richard, were usurped by their uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. Henry dealt with this threat decisively. (33), Puebla reported that Arthur had "many excellent qualities". (29), Perkin Warbeck decided to take advantage on the Cornish rebellion by landing in Whitesand Bay on 7th September. Symonds took his charge to Ireland where the Yorkist interest was strong and where Simnel was crowned at Dublin as King Edward VI. He was taught the necessary etiquette and was well educated by Simon. Henry now went to live with his uncle, Jasper Tudor, the restored Earl of Pembroke. (52)Henry VII, by unknown artist (1505)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_21',704,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0');Henry VII was careful in the selection of his key officials. On 3rd September he entered the capital in triumph. Most actions or grants of grace resulted in fines to the king, in amounts and by methods which led Polydore Vergil and others to characterize both Empson and Dudley as extortioners." Throughout his life he seems to have had no intimate friends except possibly Cardinal Morton, who has left nothing in writing, and (curiously enough) de Puebla, the Spanish Ambassador, who played a double game and was not over-loyal to his own master. On 24 May 1487, Simnel was crowned in Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin as "King Edward VI" but this regnal number was written later when the official story had taken hold. This pretender was Lambert Simnel, in reality the ten-year-old son of an Oxford craftsman. (2) Polydore Vergil described him as as "a comely youth, and well favoured, not without some extraordinary dignity and grace of aspect". When he defeated and captured a second and far more dangerous pretender, Perkin Warbeck, he spared his life, and it was only after Warbeck had twice tried to escape that he was executed. Encouraged, the pretender made several landings in England with small armies in the 1490s. He appears to have been the son of an Oxford tradesman. A Study in Catholic Propaganda (Answer Commentary), Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? (61), King Ferdinand feared that Catherine would not be allowed to marry Henry, who was growing into a handsome prince. Simnel was routed at the battle of Stoke: his promoters were slain or imprisoned, and the young imposter was taken into the royal household as a servant. For Henry VII the problem was simple: if he failed to assert himself at the first opportunity he had to do so, then the probability was that Henry would fall from power. Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. Both sons and daughters were pieces to be moved in the diplomatic game, which usually began while they were still in their cradles. If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like, The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon. (4). (Answer Commentary), Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking (Answer Commentary), Codes and Codebreaking (Answer Commentary), Sir Thomas More: Saint or Sinner? However, Elizabeth's biographer, Rosemary Horrox, disagrees with this assessment. (14)Francis Bacon has suggested that Henry's "aversion toward the house of York was so predominant in him as it found place not only in his wars and councils, but in his chamber and bed". Imprisoned in the Tower, he was hanged as a commoner on 23 November 1499. The imposture of Lambert Simnel as the imprisoned nephew of Edward IV, Edward, earl of Warwick, however exotic, was much more menacing, because it occured within two years of Bosworth. File:Lambert simnel.jpg From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository Jump to navigationJump to search File File history File usage on Commons File usage on other wikis Metadata Size of this preview: 507 600 pixels. If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like Reddit. He presented to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he was suspicious, devious and parsimonious. This led to the decision to claim that he was the younger son of King Edward IV. (22) Henry's archers decimated the rebel army. The mask he wore was to some extent deliberately inhuman. Ninety per cent of the population lived in villages and on the farms in the countryside.According to Jasper Ridley the English were famous throughout Europe for their hearty appetite. (44)If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like Reddit. The Duchess sent a force of about 2.000 men, under the command of Martin Swart, a soldier of great experience, who landed at Dublin in May 1487, accompanied by the Earl of Lincoln, Lord Lovel, and other Yorkist refugees from Flanders. (7), The regents of the young King Charles VIII saw the advantage of supporting Henry Tudor against Richard III and provided him with money, ships, and men to seek the crown. A large number of the rebels were killed. He had won the crown through military victory and a dubious claim, and this left him open to the same thing happening to him. This served a dual purpose. The rebellion was crushed in 1487. The following year he became entangled in another plot. He also provided funding for Warbeck's 1,400 supporters. Without the sheer blood lust of his contemporaries, he had a sardonic wit." Lambert Simnel was born in about 1476. He proclaimed himself Richard III and imprisoned the Princes in the Tower, where, almost certainly, he had them murdered. Richard had been informed that Lord Stanley had already promised to help Henry Tudor. Warbeck explained that Edward V, his older brother, had indeed been killed, but that he was spared due to his young age. A Study in Catholic Propaganda. At the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4th May 1471 Margaret of Anjou was captured and her thirteen-year-old son, Edward of Westminster killed. On 13th January 1496 James arranged for him to marry him to Lady Katherine Gordon, a distant royal relative. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lambert-Simnel-English-pretender, History Learning Site - The Lambert Simnel Rebellion. (Answer Commentary), Hans Holbein's Art and Religious Propaganda (Answer Commentary), 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? The king then sent a message to Lord Stanley threatening to execute his son unless he immediately sent his troops to join the king on Ambien Hill. He had grown to manhood in an environment of treachery and intrigue, and as a result never knew security." History (53) Jasper Ridley has pointed out that Empson and Dudley were the chief instruments of the king's financial policy: "They seem to have been almost universally hated throughout England. Thanks to existing plans to invade Ireland he was able to react speedily to the invasion and had begun mustering troops as early as February. Lambert Simnel was born in about 1476. At this moment his horse died under him. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Michael J. Bennett, "Simnel, Lambert (b. (25)In July 1495 Warbeck landed some of his men at Deal. Arthur was in poor health and according to William Thomas, Groom of his Privy Chamber, he had been over-exerting himself. American Protest Literature by Zoe Trodd. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. This included being sent to Vienna to meet Emperor Maximilian. He took Simnel to Ireland where there was still support for the Yorkist cause, and presented him to the Lord Deputy of Ireland, the Earl of Kildare. (2), Henry's father had been dead for almost three months when he was born. Catherine was allocated Durham House in London. (57), Henry VII was keen to maintain his alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon and recently widowed, offered to marry Catherine of Aragon himself. The Spanish ambassador, Roderigo de Puebla, standing proxy for the bride. One of his pupils was Lambert Simnel who had a striking similarity to the sons of Edward IV the Princes in the Tower. It was allied to great patience and great industry. A parliament was convened, coins were struck, and proclamations issued in his name, and an expedition was organized for the invasion of England, which landed on the coast of Lancashire, 4th June 1487, and advanced into Yorkshire. Backed by this force, the Irish became more confident and actually crowned Simnel king in Dublin in May 1487. But after remaining in court for eight months, he tried to escape and was soon recaptured. (38), Catherine left the port of Corunna on 20th July 1501. When Henry VII heard what was happening he began to plan an invasion of Scotland. However, they were not happy about sending their daughter to a country whose king might be deposed at any time. [7], On 16 June 1487, the rebels clashed with the King's army, at the Battle of Stoke Field in Nottinghamshire, and were defeated. At this moment his horse died under him. (26) However, on 20th November 1495 he went to see King James IV of Scotland in Stirling Castle. Warbeck fell into Henry's hands in October 1497; before long he had abused the king's leniency and so was hanged (23 November 1499). Henry VII had been kept informed about the invasion and his army, probably twice the size of Pole's, headed north from London. (43), The couple spent the first month of their marriage at Tickenhill Manor. He also brought with him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons. Simnel's cause was supported by the powerful Yorkist faction in Ireland and was funded by Margaret of Burgundy and encouraged by Charles VIII of France. Arthur was just fifteen, and Catherine nearly sixteen. The comments - sometimes remind one of those breeders discussing the mating of thoroughbred stock, and the comparison is indeed not so far off. David Starkey has suggested he might have been suffering from testicular cancer. (24), While visiting Cork in December 1491 Perkin Warbeck was persuaded to impersonate Richard, Duke of York, second son of Edward IV, who had disappeared eight years earlier together with his elder brother, Edward. He fled to Burgundy, where Warwick's aunt Margaret of York, the Dowager Duchess of Burgundy, kept her court. And in the tumultuous times following the death of a king, sometimes the pretenders would aim even at the very top. He proclaimed himself Richard III and imprisoned the Princes in the Tower, where, almost certainly, he had them murdered. A Net Inceptions project. The reason for the difference is to be found in Irish politics. They arrived in Ireland on 5 May. Viceroys of Ireland, History: John T. Gilbert. The Spanish ambassador, Roderigo de Puebla, standing proxy for the bride. Although out-numbered, Richard's superior position at the top of the hill enabled him to stop the rival forces breaking through at first. He was then borne in state to the Castle on the shoulders of tall men, that he might be seen by the enthusiastic populace. Available at:https://www.historytoday.com/archive/execution-perkin-warbeck. He sailed to Ireland with over 1,500 German mercenaries. Initially he was put into the care of women and his nursery at Farnham. Primary Sources; Student Activities; References; Lambert Simnel was born in about 1476. He was also described as having an "unhealthy" skin colour. The parliament which met on 7th November asserted the legitimacy of Henry's title and annulled the instrument embodying Richard III's title to the throne. SIMNEL, LAMBERT (fl. Some of its leaders were hanged, drawn and quartered. There were a number of people who claimed, after Richard had died, to be one of the Princes in the Tower, the most famous being Perkin Warbeck, who fought Henry VII for the throne. He then proceeded to fine all those involved in the rebellion. However, Northumberland, convinced that Richard was going to lose, ignored the order.Richard's advisers told him that he must try to get away. Was Queen Catherine Howard guilty of treason? Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). However, this ended in failure when he was given sanctuary by a group of Breton noblemen in Brittany. An American widows account of her travels in Ireland in 184445 on the eve of the Great Famine: Sailing from New York, she set out to determine the condition of the Irish poor and discover why so many were emigrating to her home country. (51). He appears to have been the son of an Oxford tradesman. In October 1499 Arthur wrote to her thanking her for the "sweet letters" she had sent him: "I cannot tell you what an earnest desire I feel to see your Highness, and how vexatious to me is this procrastination about your coming. Despite Henry VIIs efforts (which included parading the real earl through the streets of London), the conspiracy spread. He had grown to manhood in an environment of treachery and intrigue, and as a result never knew security. Bacon commented: "The less blood he drew, the more he took of treasure." Her knowledge of English was still imperfect in 1505, which upset both Ferdinand of Aragon and Henry VII, who reduced her allowance. (16) Bishop Stephen Gardiner commented: "Every country hath his peculiar inclination to naughtiness. Henry VII was an extremely clever man, possibly the cleverest man who ever sat on the English throne. His origins are obscure, even in official accounts; his mother is unknown and he may have been illegitimate. Roderigo de Puebla told Ferdinand: "There is no finer youth in the world than the Prince of Wales". 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