Advertisement New questions in English Select the verb (s) in the sentence. [864], It was long rumored that Stalin married a sister of Lazar Kaganovich. [123], In May 1912, he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison, before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. "[694], Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. [348] He warned of a "danger from the right", including in the Communist Party itself. [463] The two states continued trading, undermining the British blockade of Germany. [216] When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. [519] In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday,[520] and in 1942, Time magazine named him "Man of the Year". February 9, 1946. [270] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. [431] During these years, approximately 1.6million people were arrested,[432] 700,000 were shot, and an unknown number died under NKVD torture. Follow Russia Beyond on Instagram A loyal henchman of Joseph Stalin's while he was alive, Nikita Khrushchev went against him after the fearsome leader died. [162] In April, Stalin came third in the Bolshevik elections for the party's Central Committee; Lenin came first and Zinoviev came second. [211] His use of state violence and terror was at a greater scale than most Bolshevik leaders approved of;[212] for instance, he ordered several villages to be torched to ensure compliance with his food procurement program. "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. [765] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin wasn't a psychopath. [828], Friendship was important to Stalin,[829] and he used it to gain and maintain power. [369] After Bukharin's departure, Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration of Dmitry Manuilsky and Osip Piatnitsky. Pathos and Ethos in Between the World and Me by Ta-Nahisi Coates and in "Letter From Birmingham Jail" [855] After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. Publicly, the cause of death was given as appendicitis; Stalin also concealed the real cause of death from his children. [779] He lacked compassion,[785] something Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years in prison and exile,[786] although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers, even amid the Great Terror. [44], In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. "We have lost one of the tallest socialist leaders, who remained deeply committed to the ideals of . [556] In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimus,[558] and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square. [118] Shortly after the conference, Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee. [87] In April 1906, Stalin attended the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm; this was his first trip outside the Russian Empire. [530] Discussing the fate of the Balkans, later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West. [938] In a 2016 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive, with 19% refusing to answer. [86] Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect, he was vocal in his disagreement with Lenin's view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the forthcoming election to the State Duma; Stalin saw the parliamentary process as a waste of time. [246] On this trip, Stalin met with his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow;[247] Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons, Vasily, in March 1921. [259] Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. [355] Conservative social policies were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood, re-criminalisation of homosexuality, restrictions placed on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the Zhenotdel women's department. [608] There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a Balkan federation incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. [258] Lenin and Stalin argued on the issue of foreign trade; Lenin believed that the Soviet state should have a monopoly on foreign trade, but Stalin supported Grigori Sokolnikov's view that doing so was impractical at that stage. [942], "Stalin" redirects here. [692] The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. [742] By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian chokha or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. Joseph Stalin (trade unionist) Joseph Stalin is a Sri Lankan trade unionist, as of 2022 serving as general secretary of the Ceylon Teachers' Union. [691] As a propaganda tool, the shaming of "enemies" explained all inadequate economic and political outcomes, the hardships endured by the populace, and military failures. [795] Other historians linked his brutality not to any personality trait, but to his unwavering commitment to the survival of the Soviet Union and the international MarxistLeninist cause. Stalin was clever in his tactics to become leader. [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. [342], Many of major construction projects, including the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Moscow Metro, were constructed largely through forced labour. [652] He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. [456] Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. [146] In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. [ 2] Without providing a clear successor, he left the party in chaos and the in-fighting and division . Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.[308]. [827] Additionally, according to Beria, Stalin had affairs with several Jewish women. He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide. "Today someone is lamenting that the name of Tamil Nadu should not be used. [894] Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. [519] When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him "Uncle Joe" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. [222] In December 1918, he drew up decrees recognising Marxist-governed Soviet republics in Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia;[223] during the civil war these Marxist governments were overthrown and the Baltic countries became fully independent of Russia, an act Stalin regarded as illegitimate. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who cemented the Soviet Union's status as a leading world power. [763] This gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union during his lifetime but was misleading. [693] According to Sandle, Stalin was "committed to the creation of a society that was industrialised, collectivised, centrally planned and technologically advanced. [536], In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. [673] The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S.,[674] pursuing a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953. With these considerations in mind, this 4-step process can be used in any situation in which you want to ensure a fair and less-biased outcome: 1. "[869] For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer;[869] for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder. This article reassesses Stalin's attempts to construct legitimacy through the development of a 'cult of personality', built through an overt co-option of the charismatic authority generated by Lenin's revolutionary leadership. The U.S. also offered financial assistance to countries as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree. [644], From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. [1] [2] He has led campaigns against the militarisation of education in Sri Lanka. [780] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. [75] Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. [741], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. [860] Montefiore also claimed that Stalin had at least two illegitimate children,[861] although he never recognised them as being his. Vladimir Lenin, leader of the former Bolshevik Party and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, died on the 21st of January in 1924. [203], After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. [592] Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8million by 1953. Acknowledge. "[729], Stalin had a soft voice,[730] and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. [681] Stalin believed in the need to adapt Marxism to changing circumstances; in 1917, he declared that "there is dogmatic Marxism and there is creative Marxism. They moved the government from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. He undermined them by: Establishing a new ideological orthodoxy and branding opponents enemies of Leninism. [813] He also enjoyed practical jokes; for instance, he would place a tomato on the seat of Politburo members and wait for them to sit on it. [462] A GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [269] It was incorporated into a growing personality cult devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed "Leningrad" that year. [159] In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. The question that needs to be asked is whether a mental illness can explain Stalin's ability to engage in such behavior. "The death of Stalin on March 5,. [666] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. [89] Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision[90] and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause. [934], Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. Stalin was born in the Georgian town of Gori,[2] then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire and home to a mix of Georgian, Azeri, Armenian, Russian, and Jewish communities. [81] They launched attacks on the government's Cossack troops and pro-Tsarist Black Hundreds,[82] co-ordinating some of their operations with the Menshevik militia. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. He attracted a group of supporters through his classes in socialist theory[46] and co-organised a secret workers' mass meeting for May Day 1900,[47] at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action. [134] Lenin, who encouraged Stalin to write an article on the subject,[135] wanted to attract those groups to the Bolshevik cause by offering them the right of secession from the Russian state, but also hoped they would remain part of a future Bolshevik-governed Russia. Stalin made a decision to use his power over the country to raise production. [719] Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a "natural extremist";[794] Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. Chennai (Tamil Nadu) [India], January 14 (ANI) Tamil Nadu Chief Minister MK Stalin on Saturday took a veiled dig at Governor RN Ravi without mentioning his name during a Youth wing event organised to remember DMK founder Peraringar Anna. In April 1932, Nikolai Shvernik, the head of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, informed Stalin and Lazar Kaganovich that Soviet workers were rebelling against "starvation" rations implemented on the first of the month. [27] He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there,[28] and he achieved high grades. "[322], In 1929, the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture,[324] establishing both kolkhozy collective farms and sovkhoz state farms. Reason 3: He was Stalin Reason 4: He killed between six million and 20 million people. [764] According to biographer Montefiore, "it is clear from hostile and friendly witnesses alike that Stalin was always exceptional, even from childhood". Stalin was a broad fellow, with a very heavily pock-marked face". The first step in Stalin's rise to power was to eliminate his opponent. [927] The Center, in 2019, reports that around 70% of Russians believe that Stalin played a positive role in their homeland. [678] According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. [9], Besarion was a cobbler who was employed in a workshop owned by another man;[10] it was initially a financial success but later fell into decline,[11] and the family found itself living in poverty. [50] Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. )[38] He also read Das Kapital, the 1867 book by German sociological theorist Karl Marx. [26], In August 1894, Stalin enrolled in the Orthodox Spiritual Seminary in Tiflis, enabled by a scholarship that allowed him to study at a reduced rate. Stalin promoted MarxismLeninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements during the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War. [420], Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee: denounced as Western-backed mercenaries, many were imprisoned or exiled internally. [552] At the conference, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a "Sovietization" of Eastern Europe. [611] It was aimed for economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. These reasons build to why Stalin emerged as leader of the USSR by 1929. As a result of his Five-Year Plans, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. [43] Stalin left the seminary in April 1899 and never returned. [555] Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. [609] In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from MarxistLeninist doctrine. [739] He was born with a webbed left foot, and his left arm had been permanently injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility,[740] which was probably the result of being hit, at the age of 12, by a horse-drawn carriage. [117], In January 1912, while Stalin was in exile, the first Bolshevik Central Committee was elected at the Prague Conference. [699] After the October Revolution, they continued to have differences. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. [190], Having dropped his editorship of Pravda,[191] Stalin was appointed the People's Commissar for Nationalities. [692] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe, with most having been killed by the Nazis. [403] Stalin nevertheless recognised the threat posed by fascism and sought to establish better links with the liberal democracies of Western Europe;[404] in May 1935, the Soviets signed a treaty of mutual assistance with France and Czechoslovakia. [902], Official records reveal 799,455 documented executions in the Soviet Union between 1921 and 1953; 681,692 of these were carried out between 1937 and 1938, the years of the Great Purge. [394], In 193536, Stalin oversaw a new constitution; its dramatic liberal features were designed as propaganda weapons, for all power rested in the hands of Stalin and his Politburo. [512] The Soviet victory there marked a major turning point in the war;[513] in commemoration, Stalin declared himself Marshal of the Soviet Union. [355] Priests, imams, and Buddhist monks faced persecution. Yet he is increasingly paranoid and purges the Communist party and Army of anyone who might oppose him. [17] In September 1888, Stalin enrolled at the Orthodox Gori Church School,[18] a place secured by Charkviani. [486] The German advance on Moscow was halted after two months of battle in increasingly harsh weather conditions. Despite all that it is fair to say that Lenin was a successful leader without whom November revolution . [717] According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. I stand on the ground of the latter". [548] On 8 August, in between the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet army invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria and defeated the Kwantung Army. Myth [611], In October 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong took power in China. [560] In 1946, the state published Stalin's Collected Works. The first four years were years of intense labor on the part of Soviet people in carrying out the Third Five-Year Plan. [539] Privately, Stalin sought to ensure that Poland would come fully under Soviet influence. [62], Stalin left Batum in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. 270, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors;[492] among those taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans was Stalin's son Yakov, who died in their custody. [144], In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. Stalin, for the most part, was a successful leader. [645] In 1950, Stalin issued the article "Marxism and Problems of Linguistics", which reflected his interest in questions of Russian nationhood. [624] The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading the south in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. His own woman [Alliluyeva] was enough for him, and he paid scant attention to her. [251] For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post.[252]. [53], That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batum. [517] Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and aerial assault. [611] Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and contemplated invading Yugoslavia. [798] Stalin's favourite subject was history, closely followed by Marxist theory and then fiction. [565] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. [157] Stalin was required to serve four more months of his exile, and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk. [899] Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution". [652] Svetlana and Vasily were called to the dacha on 2 March; the latter was drunk and angrily shouted at the doctors, as a result of which he was sent home. [808] Lenin was his favourite author but he also read, and sometimes appreciated, a great deal of writing by Leon Trotsky and other arch-enemies. [171], On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment to continue his activities. [485] By July, Germany's Luftwaffe was bombing Moscow,[484] and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital. "[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. [715] In his work, he stated that "the right of secession" should be offered to the ethnic-minorities of the Russian Empire, but that they should not be encouraged to take that option. [557] Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as "dictatorships of the proletariat" but as "people's democracies", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class. [343] The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks;[344] Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. [870] Service suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin. [149] In or about December 1914, their child was born but the infant soon died. [593], The U.S. began pushing its interests on every continent, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. A+. [687] He believed that the working classes would prove successful in this struggle and would establish a dictatorship of the proletariat,[688] regarding the Soviet Union as an example of such a state. [97] There, Mensheviks confronted Stalin about the robbery and voted to expel him from the RSDLP, but he took no notice of them. [637], In his later years, Stalin was in poor health. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (19221952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (19411953). Stalin's original Georgian name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (, While forced to give up control of the Secretariat almost immediately after succeeding Stalin as the body's. [192] He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary[193] and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. [545] Stalin refused to punish the offenders. [217] He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 8th Party Congress for employing tactics which resulted in far too many deaths of Red Army soldiers. [31] As he grew older, Stalin lost interest in priestly studies, his grades dropped,[32] and he was repeatedly confined to a cell for his rebellious behaviour. [655] According to Svetlana, it had been "a difficult and terrible death". [412], Stalin often gave conflicting signals regarding state repression. [586] Much of this was constructed by prison labour. His right hand men were Trotsky and Stalin. [250] At the 11th Party Congress in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the party's new General Secretary. [14] Ekaterine and Stalin left the home by 1883 and began a wandering life, moving through nine different rented rooms over the next decade. [424] By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin. [237] Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. He and Hitler were about the same height, approximately five feet, eight. [795] He was instead an emotionally intelligent and feeling intellectual. [91], Stalin married Kato Svanidze in an Orthodox church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906. [621] Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. [476], In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. [205] Eager to prove himself as a commander,[206] once there he took control of regional military operations. [244] The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. [284] While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. [504] Comintern was dissolved in 1943,[505] and Stalin encouraged foreign MarxistLeninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal. [568] It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. Best known for: Fighting the Germans in WW2 and starting the Cold War. Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany, it focused on blaming Western powers for the war. [863] The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father. [290], In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. [535] Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy. [754] His choice of favoured holiday house changed over the years,[755] although he holidayed in southern parts of the USSR every year from 1925 to 1936 and again from 1945 to 1951. [663] At the funeral on 9 March, Stalins body was laid to rest in Lenin's Mausoleum in Red Square; hundreds of thousands attended. According to Montefiore, theirs was "a true love match";[843] Volkogonov suggested that she was "probably the one human being he had really loved". [645] He was very interested in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. [764] Stalin had a complex mind,[765] great self-control,[766] and an excellent memory. [109] He was eventually sentenced to two years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk, Vologda Province, arriving there in February 1909. [143] Stalin retained the name for the rest of his life, possibly because it was used on the article that established his reputation among the Bolsheviks. [458] In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. "[887] Service stated that Stalin "had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history" by the late 1930s. [341] Large debts were accrued purchasing foreign-made machinery. [849] In later life, he disapproved of Svetlana's various suitors and husbands, putting a strain on his relationship with her. [112] There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. [122] The new newspaper was launched in April 1912,[123] although Stalin's role as editor was kept secret. [69] Stalin detested many of the Mensheviks in Georgia and aligned himself with the Bolsheviks. Hundreds of thousands of people came to see the Generalissimo in the mausoleum. At that point, the country was only about a decade old and was. [213], In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. [384] Historians have long debated whether Stalin's government had intended the famine to occur or not;[385] there are no known documents in which Stalin or his government explicitly called for starvation to be used against the population. 1922 (29th December) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was created. [175] Although he had been tasked with briefing the Bolshevik delegates of the Second Congress of Soviets about the developing situation, Stalin's role in the coup had not been publicly visible. [311] Stalin's government feared attack from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Romania. Millions more fell victim to forced labor, deportation, famine, massacres, and detention and interrogation by . [432] His personal writings from the period were according to Khlevniuk "unusually convoluted and incoherent", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. [528] Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of Knigsberg be declared Soviet territory. [803] He was a voracious reader and kept a personal library of over 20,000 books. [695] In his book, Foundations of Leninism, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". [362] The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified,[363] with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. No, I do not think that Stalin was a good leader. By highlighting the ways in which Stalin manufactured charisma, this article will show how the 'cult of personality' can be viewed as a legitimation technique using manufactured charisma as a tool. Although he was a tyrannical leader, putting in place the most totalitarian, repressive regime history had seen, Stalin can be credited with the fruition of the communist socio-economic project in Russia, the extension of its model to other neighboring countries and the conversion of the USSR into a great power, without rivals in the region. [673], Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen,[677] and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life;[678] according to Kotkin, Stalin held "zealous Marxist convictions",[679] while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a "quasi-religious" value for Stalin. "[824] Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates, he promoted anti-Semitism. [594] It launched the Marshall Plan in June 1947, with which it sought to undermine Soviet hegemony in eastern Europe. [696] He claimed to be a loyal Leninist,[697] although wasaccording to Service"not a blindly obedient Leninist". [542] After receiving a complaint about this from Yugoslav communist Milovan Djilas, Stalin asked how after experiencing the traumas of war a soldier could "react normally? A California professor was widely hounded on Twitter for praising the legacy of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, calling him "one of the great leaders" of the 20th century. [586], In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. [937] In December 2010, unknown persons decapitated it and it was destroyed in a bomb attack in 2011. [3] "Charismatic rule has long been neglected and ridiculed, but apparently it has deep roots and becomes a powerful stimulus once the proper psychological and social doubt that millions believe in it" (Neumann, 1942: p. 75). [413] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offences, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. The first Five Year Plan launched in 1928, focused on the growth of iron and steel, electric power, machine-tools and transport. It comprised the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian Social Republic, the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republic. [525], In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. "[845] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. [386] The 1931 and 1932 harvests had been poor ones because of weather conditions[387] and had followed several years in which lower productivity had resulted in a gradual decline in output. This has been a period replete with events of a decisive nature. [278] Stalin also developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police (first the Cheka and then its replacement, the State Political Directorate): Felix Dzerzhinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. [900], With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labelled "one of the most notorious figures in history. [438], Stalin initiated all key decisions during the Terror, personally directing many of its operations and taking an interest in their implementation. [66] There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle"), with Philip Makharadze. [402] Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives. [452] Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. [612], Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. [224] In February 1920, he was appointed to head the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate;[225] that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front. [627], The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created state of Israel in 1948, in hopes of obtaining an ally in the Middle East. [56] After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. [602], After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. [399] By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death. [654] Stalin died on 5 March 1953. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. [67] He called for the Georgian Marxist movement to split from its Russian counterpart, resulting in several RSDLP members accusing him of holding views contrary to the ethos of Marxist internationalism and calling for his expulsion from the party; he soon recanted his opinions. [241], Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. [450] He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. [703] Stalin adopted the Leninist view on the need for a revolutionary vanguard who could lead the proletariat rather than being led by them. Bolshevik leaders appointed themselves to many high offices and started implementing communist practices based on Marx's ideology. This concept was intricately linked to factional struggles within the party, particularly against Trotsky. [892], A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. [600] He erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war was not a result of Soviet military weakness, but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat. [442] The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria,[443] a man totally devoted to Stalin. [521] There remained mutual suspicions between Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who were together known as the "Big Three". [36] Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting the nickname "Koba" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. Conversely, his regime has been described as totalitarian, and has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repression, ethnic cleansing, wide-scale deportation, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines that killed millions. [710] He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 192526. He also placed a ban on factionalism and branded all opposition as traitorous. [323] Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash. [189] He strongly supported Lenin's formation of the Cheka security service and the subsequent Red Terror that it initiated; noting that state violence had proved an effective tool for capitalist powers, he believed that it would prove the same for the Soviet government. [859] There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and. [242] In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state. [499] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. [909], In 2011, historian Timothy D. Snyder summarised modern data made after the opening of the Soviet archives in the 1990s and states that Stalin's regime was responsible for 9million deaths, with 6million of these being deliberate killings. [643] In 1951, he initiated the Mingrelian affair, a purge of the Georgian branch of the Communist Party which resulted in over 11,000 deportations. [620] In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. A tradition of Bolshevik leadership is the constant link of the leaders with the masses, the readiness to learn from the masses, to correct those defects which the working peoples point out to them. [619] Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. His introduction of the command . [556] Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. [771], Stalin could play different roles to different audiences,[772] and was adept at deception, often deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. [511] In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. [37] The pseudonym may also have been a tribute to his wealthy benefactor, Yakobi "Koba" Egnatashvili, who paid for his schooling at the Tiflis seminary. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the U.S.S.R. from the mid 1920s till his death in 1953. [373] In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself. [767] He was a hard worker,[768] and displayed a keen desire to learn;[769] when in power, he scrutinised many details of Soviet life, from film scripts to architectural plans and military hardware. [522] Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. [240] As People's Commissar for Nationalities, Stalin believed that each national and ethnic group should have the right to self-expression,[241] facilitated through "autonomous republics" within the Russian state in which they could oversee various regional affairs. [500] He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin terrorised his own people, but for the first time a survey suggests . They were similar in some respects and yet very different. [194] In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. [711] Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. [400], Seeking improved international relations, in 1934 the Soviet Union secured membership of the League of Nations, from which it had previously been excluded. [419] In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries from urban areas;[381] in early 1935, over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad. [472] He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. [850] In any event, she suspected that he was unfaithful with other women,[851] and committed suicide in 1932. Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[253] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. Why would we let them have guns?" Joseph Stalin 18 likes Like [93] By that year according to the historian Robert Service Stalin had established himself as "Georgia's leading Bolshevik". [132] In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna,[133] where he researched the 'national question' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Russian Empire's national and ethnic minorities. Stalin's choices of policies (NEP and socialism in one country) During the beginning of the struggle for power after Lenin died Stalin formed an alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1923, this was purely to keep Trotsky out of power. [649] In 1952, he also eliminated the Politburo and replaced it with a larger version which he called the Presidium. The Allies demanded that Stalin withdraw the Red Army from northern Iran. [770] According to Volkogonov, "Stalin's private life and working life were one and the same"; he did not take days off from political activities. Born: December 8, 1878 in Gori, Georgia. On March 5, 1953, Joseph Stalin died of a stroke. leader Sanjay Raut to join Rahul Gandhi's 'padyatra' in J&K . As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. Severe disruptions to food production contributed to the famine of 193033 that killed millions. [464], The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. The details of the assassination still remain a mystery, but much circumstantial evidence indicates that the head of the Soviet secret police planned Kirov's murder on orders from Stalin. . [291] In 1925, the two moved into open opposition to Stalin and Bukharin. "[838] Montefiore described Stalin's favoured types as "young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women,"[839] who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him. [383] Government policiesincluding the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotationexacerbated the problem;[388] the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. [670] The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Erivan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. [650], On 1 March 1953, Stalin's staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his Kuntsevo Dacha. . [333] Stalin responded to the uprisings with an article insisting that collectivisation was voluntary and blaming any violence and other excesses on local officials. Though each loathed and feared the other, there was much Hitler and Stalin had in common. [414] In September 1934, he launched a commission to investigate false imprisonments; that same month he called for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan. [461] On 28 September, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged some of their newly conquered territories; Germany gained the linguistically Polish-dominated areas of Lublin Province and part of Warsaw Province while the Soviets gained Lithuania. Furthermore, Hitler, in contrast to Stalin, was able to add the authority of "spiritual founder" of national socialism to that of party leader. By 1937, he had absolute control over the party and government. [795] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [700] Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a "strong bond" over the years,[701] while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was "the single most important relationship in Stalin's life". [834] While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia, sending them letters and gifts of money. Iosif Stalin, Speech Delivered at a Meeting of Voters of the Stalin Electoral District, Moscow. [541] Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. By mid-1928 he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. [351] Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the (never completed) Palace of the Soviets. [365], Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. Stalin was successful in becoming the new leader of the USSR for many complex reasons. [759] In 1934, his new Kuntsevo Dacha was built; 9km from the Kremlin, it became his primary residence. [641] In November, the Slnsk trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. [319] In January 1930, the Politburo approved the liquidation of the kulak class; accused kulaks were rounded up and exiled to other parts of the country or to concentration camps. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports", "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography", "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 193045", "Controversy in Moscow: Stalin icon revered", "The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion", "Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori", "Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times", "Stalin as a Neo-Pagan Deity in Contemporary Russia", "Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past", "Josef Stalin: communist, murderer - saint? Because Stalin was not diagnosed during his life, we can never be sure. [664] That month featured a surge in arrests for "anti-Soviet agitation," as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. [293] In mid-1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined with Trotsky's supporters to form the United Opposition against Stalin;[294] in October they agreed to stop factional activity under threat of expulsion, and later publicly recanted their views under Stalin's command. [436] Party functionaries readily carried out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge. [632] The Soviet press engaged in attacks on Zionism, Jewish culture, and "rootless cosmopolitanism",[633] with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. [601] In 1949, celebrations took place to mark Stalin's seventieth birthday (although he was 71 at the time,) at which Stalin attended an event in the Bolshoi Theatre alongside MarxistLeninist leaders from across Europe and Asia. [352] Aware that the ethnic Russian majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian,[353] he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made the Russian language compulsory throughout schools and offices, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. [554] He also pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. [202] The governing RSDLP party was soon renamed, becoming the Russian Communist Party. [94] He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held at the Brotherhood Church in London in MayJune 1907. His long reign finally ended. [143], In adulthood, Stalin measured 1.70m (5feet 7inches). [201] The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia; the Left Socialist Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. In 1952, Stalin's last book, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, was published. ("Koba" is the Georgian diminutive of Yakobi, or Jacob, and Stalin later named his first-born son in Egnatashvili's honour. [531], In 1944, the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany,[532] including Operation Bagration, a massive offensive in the Byelorussian SSR against the German Army Group Centre. 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